Table 1.
Summary of the cases.
| Case | Age/ | Trauma | Symptoms | Interval* | CT | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Sex | Results | |||||
|
| |||||||
| 1 | 48/M | MCA(D) | Left proptosis, | 7 days | Sphenoid fracture | DBO | Normal |
| chemosis bruit, | and hematoma | ||||||
| sixth nverve palsy, | |||||||
| epistaxis | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| 2 | 31/F | MCA(P) | Left ptosis, | 30 days | Sphenoid, | DBO | Normal |
| unilateral blindness, | zygomatic arch | ||||||
| epistaxis | and ribs fracture | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| 3 | 33/M | MCA(D) | Left chemosis, | + | SAH, sphenoid, | DBO | Normal |
| coma, | right femru and | ||||||
| epistaxis | orbit roof fracture | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| 4 | 36/M | MCA(D) | Left chemosis, | 7 days | Left front, | DBO/ | Normal |
| ptosis, bruit | orbit roof fracture, | MCO | |||||
| and epistaxis | bilateral front | ||||||
| lobe contusion | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| 5 | 30/M | MCA(D) | Left loss | + | Left | DBO | Normal |
| of vision, bruit, | zygomaticum, ethmoid | ||||||
| epistaxis | and sphenoid fracture, | ||||||
| hematoma | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| 6 | 44/M | MCA(D) | Right chemosis, | 3 days | Right basal ganglis | DBO | Normal |
| visual field defect, | infarction, zygomatic | ||||||
| bruit and epistaxis | arch, sphenoid and | ||||||
| ehtmoid fracture | |||||||
* interval between the initial symptoms of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula and the presentation fo epistaxis.
+ immediately after trauma. - MCA(D) = motorcycle accident driver; MCA(P) = motorcycle accident passenger. DBO = detachable balloon occlusion, MCO = microcoil occlusion.