Table 1.
Summary of Reviewed Studies of Effects of MSDP On Brain Structures and Function
| Authors | N (% exposed) | MSDP measurea | Brain measure | Offspring age (characteristics) | Results (region, findings in exposed vs. unexposed) | Design limitations |
| Brain structures | ||||||
| Roza et al. (2007) | 7,042 (17) | Prospective; Categorical; No biomarker | Ultrasound | Fetal period | Cerebellum, ventricular system (Smaller volume) | MSDP measure |
| Ekblad et al. (2010) | 232 (18) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | MRI | Newborns at term | Frontal lobe, cerebellum (Smaller volume) | Sample selected for low birth weight, low gestational age |
| Rivkin et al. (2008) | 35 (49) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | MRI | 10–13 years | Cerebral cortex (Reduced gray matter volume) | Sample selected for prenatal cocaine exposure |
| Jacobsen, Picciotto, et al. (2007) | 67 (49) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | DTI | 13–18 years (current smokers and nonsmokers) | Corpus Callosum; Internal Capsule (Altered white matter microstructure) | MSDP measure |
| Toro et al. (2008) | 314 (49) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | MRI | 12–18 years | Frontal, temporal, parietal lobes (Thinning [results stronger in females]) | MSDP measure |
| Paus et al. (2008) | 300 (49) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | MRI | 13–17 years | Corpus callosum (Smaller volume [exposed females only]) | MSDP measure |
| Brain function | ||||||
| Peck et al. (2010) | 40 (25) | Prospective; Categorical; Cotinine | ABR | 2 days | Brainstem (Increased auditory brainstem responses) | Small N |
| Kable et al. (2009) | 172 (67) | Retrospective; Continuous; Cotinine | ABR | 6 months | Brainstem (Increased auditory brainstem responses) | MSDP measure |
| Bennett et al. (2009) | 18 (39) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | fMRI | 12 years | Frontal, temporal, parietal lobes, cerebellum (Greater activation to response inhibition task) | Small N |
| Jacobsen et al. (2006) | 13 (54) | Retrospective; Categorical; No biomarker | fMRI | 16–18 years (current smokers) | Temporal lobe (hippocampus; Greater activation during smoking abstinence to visuospatial encoding and recognition tasks) | Small N |
| Jacobsen, Slotkin, et al. (2007) | 63 (52) | Retrospective; categorical; No biomarker | fMRI | 16–18 years (current smokers and nonsmokers) | Temporal, occipital lobes (Greater activation to auditory attention tasks) | MSDP measure |
Note. ABR = auditory brainstem response; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; fMRI= functional magnetic resonance imaging; MRI= magnetic resonance imaging; MSDP = maternal smoking during pregnancy.
a
Prospective measure of MSDP = measured in pregnancy; Retrospective = measured after pregnancy; Categorical = compared exposed versus unexposed offspring; Continuous = exposure examined as a continuous measure.