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The autonomic, neurohumoral sympathetic and vagal signals regulate both the innate and adaptive immune cells. The activation of cholinergic (nAChR), adrenergic (α/β ADR) or angiotensin receptors (AT1R) on innate cells may dramatically alter the TLR-mediated cytokine release in pathologic states such as hypertension [43]. This, in turn, activates the adaptive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, which cause end-organ damage in blood vessels and kidney. [42, 44, 60].
