Table 2.

Conventional catalytic conversions of crude glycerol to chemicals

Product	Pathway	Product productivity	Reference
(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl acetate	Oxygenate synthesized compound	NAa	[78]
Acrolein	Fuidized bed, tungsten doped zirconia catalyst	21%	[79]
Monoglyceride	Two-step process, purification of the monoglyceride produced from glycerolysis of palm stearin	~99% purity	[86]
	Glycerolysis of soybean oil	~42%	[87]
Gaseous products	Steam reforming process; platinum alumina as catalyst	NAa	[80]
	Thermal decomposition of crude glycerol by pyrolysis	NAa	[82]
	Steam gasification with in situ CO2 removal	88 vol.% H2 purity	[83]
	Hydrothermal reforming of crude glycerol	~90 vol.% H2 purity	[84]
	Co-gasification of crude glycerol and hardwood chips	NAa	[85]

^a represents data are not available