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. 2012 Mar 27;7(3):e34043. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034043

Figure 3. Microbial inoculation at three weeks of age results in pro-inflammatory tuning of the immune system.

Figure 3

Cytokines were measured in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cell culture supernatants and analyzed by use of FlowCytomix Multiplex Th1/Th2 10plex. MLN were isolated from specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice (SPF), germ-free (GF) mice (GF) and ex-GF mice inoculated with a caecal microbiota suspension at one (1W) or three weeks (3W) of age. The lymphocytes were stimulated for 24 hrs with 1 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O26:B6 before the supernatants were used for analysis. Only cytokines with a significant difference among groups are illustrated. Error bars represent the SEM. * represents p<0.05 compared with SPF mice.