FIG. 1.

Experimental procedures. A: In experiment I, healthy young women consumed lunch at 1230 h and were intranasally administered insulin (160 IU; n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) at 1300 h. At 1500 h, free lunch recall took place, and 5 min later, snack intake was assessed with the participants assuming a taste rating task. Throughout the session, vigilance, mood, appetite, and thirst were assessed, and blood samples were taken (syringe symbols). B: In experiment II, insulin and placebo administration, respectively, took place at 1000 h and snack intake was assessed at 1215 h immediately after lunch serving as a preload (n = 13). The interval between insulin administration and snack intake assessment was kept constant between both experiments.