Table 1. Study characteristics and outcome, sorted by surgical procedure.
| First author, publication year | Procedure | n | Palatal anomaly (%) | Age at surgery (mean years, range) | Follow-up (mean years, range) | Normal resonance (%) | Normal nasal emission (%) | Under-standable (%) | Hyponasal (%) | OSA (%) | Needing further surgery (%) |
| Leuchter 2009 [55] | fat injection | 3 | 3/3 (100) | 13.7 (11–17) | 0.75 (0.4–1) | 0/3 (0) | 3/3 (100) | 3/3 (100) | 0/3 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 1/3 (33) |
| Nicolas 2011 [56] | fat injection | 6 | 2/6 (33) | 11.0 (7.7–17.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 1/6 (17) | 0/6 (0) | 3/6 (50) | - | 0/6 (0) | 2/6 (33) |
| Milczuk 2007 [46] | Furlow | 2 | 2/2 (100) | 8.6 (6.4–10.8) | 4.6 (3.2–6.1) | I | I | I | - | 0/2 (0) | 0/2 (0) |
| d'Antonio 2001 [49] | Furlow | 4 | 4/4 (100) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4/4 (100) |
| Rottgers 2011 [48] | Furlow | 13 | 13/13 (100) | (5.2) | 2 | I | I | - | - | 0/13 (0) | 2/13 (15) |
| Perkins 2005 [39] | Furlow | 16 | 16/16 (100) | - | 0.25 | I | - | - | - | 0/16 (0) | - |
| Mehendale 2004 [24] | IVP | 14 | 14/14 (100) | 5.7 | (4 (0.6–9.17)) | 2/14 (14) | 5/14 (36) | - | 1/14 (7) | 0/14 (0) | 0/14 (0) |
| Brandao 2011 [52] | IVP | 19 | 19/19 (100) | (9 (5–27)) | 1.4 | 4/19 (21) | - | - | - | - | - |
| MacKenzie 1987 [59] | PF | 1 | 0/1 (0) | >3 | - | 0/1 (0) | 0/1 (0) | - | 0/1 (0) | 0/1 (0) | 1/1 (100) |
| Argamaso 1994 [61] | PF | 2 | - | 25 (19, 31) | 7 (5–9) | 2/2 (100) | - | - | 0/2 (0) | 0/2 (0) | 0/2 (0) |
| Baylis 2008 [45] | PF | 3 | 2/3 (67) | <6.9 (<6.2–7.5) | - | 0/3 (0) | - | 1/3 (33) | 1/3 (33) | - | - |
| Rottgers 2011 [48] | PF | 4 | 4/4 (100) | (5.2) | 0.8 | I | I | - | - | 0/4 (0) | 0/4 (0) |
| Witt 1998 [51] | PF | 5 | 5/5 (100) | 6.4 (4–9) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4/5 (80) |
| Brandao 2011 [52] | PF | 6 | 1/6 (17) | (9 (5–27)) | 1.4 | 3/6 (50) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Arneja 2008 [21] | PF | 8 | 1/8 (13) | 7.25 (4–11) | 1 | 2/8 (25) | - | - | - | 0/8 (0) | 0/8 (0) |
| Rouillon 2009 [33] | PF | 11 | 0/11 (0) | 7.7 | 2 | (10/11 (91)*) | - | - | - | 0/11 (0) | 0/11 (0) |
| Goorhuis 2003 [60] | PF | 18 | ≥4/18 (22) | (4–6) | - | 14/18 (78) | - | - | - | - | 0/18 (0) |
| Tatum 2002 [35] | PF | 20 | 19/20 (95) | 6.2 (4–17) | 0.5–2 | 18/20 (90) | 18/20 (90) | - | 0/20 (0) | 0/20 (0) | 0/20 (0) |
| Ysunza 2009 [53] | PF | 20 | 20/20 (100) | (8 (5–25)) | >0.5 | 12/20 (60) | - | - | 0/20 (0) | 0/20 (0) | - |
| Swanson 2011 [54] | PF | 33 | 33/33 (100) | 6.4 (4.4–19) | 0.3 (0.1–8.8) | 15/33 (45) | 8/33 (24) | - | 5/33 (15) | 1/33 (3) | 1/33 (3) |
| Wang 2009 [50] | PF | 33 | 0/33 (0) | 7.2 (4–17) | 0.7 (0.2–2.1) | - | - | I | - | - | - |
| Lipson 1991 [6] | (likely PF) | 32 | 19/32 (60) | <15.2) | >0.5 | 15/24 (63) | 15/24 (63) | 23/24 (96) | 0/24 (0) | 0/24 (0) | 0/24 (0) |
| Widdershoven in press [44] | PF (33), SP (7) | 40 | 13/40 (33) | 7.5 (3.9–16.3) | 2.4 (1–6.3) | 28/40 (70) | 18/40 (45) | - | 0/40 (0) | 1/40 (3) | 4/40 (10) |
| Rottgers 2011 [48] | PF+Furlow | 10 | 10/10 (100) | (5.2) | 0.4 | I | I | - | - | 0/10 (0) | 10/10 (100) |
| Hens and Vander Poorten, unpublished data | Honig | 17 | 4/17 (24) | 7.5 (3–23) | 3.0 (1.0–7.8) | 3/17 (17) | 4/6 (67) | 10/14 (71) | 1/17 (6) | - | 1/17 (6) |
| Widdershoven 2008 [36] | Honig | 25 | - | 7.1 (3.8–13.6) | 5 | 15/25 (60) | 4/10 (40) | - | 0/25 (0) | 0/25 (0) | 4/25 (16) |
| Spruijt 2011 [57] | Honig | 44 | 23/40 (58) | 6.0 (3.4–13.9) | 7.0 (1.0–19.4) | 23/44 (52) | 14/27 (52) | 34/36 (94) | - | 0/44 (0) | 8/44 (18) |
| Baylis 2008 [45] | SP | 2 | 2/2 (100) | <6.1 (<4.8–7.4) | - | 0/2 (0) | - | 0/2 (0) | 0/2 (0) | - | - |
| Milczuk 2007 [46] | SP | 3 | 1/3 (33) | 9.3 (5.7–12.5) | 0.9 (0.3–1.3) | I | I | I | - | 0/3 (0) | 0/3 (0) |
| Sie 1998 [25] | SP | 3 | 1/3 (33) | 8.9 (5.2–12.7) | 1.2 (0.6–1.8) | 1/3 (33) | 1/3 (33) | - | 0/3 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 1/3 (33) |
| Witt 1998 [51] | SP | 4 | 4/4 (100) | 6.3 (5–8) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/4 (0) |
| Ysunza 2009 [53] | SP | 9 | 9/9 (100) | (8 (5–25)) | >0.5 | 0/9 (0) | - | - | 0/9 (0) | 0/9 (0) | - |
| Witt 1999 [62] | SP | 19 | 17/19 (89) | 8.7 (4–16) | 1 | 18/19 (95) | - | - | 0/19 (0) | 1/19 (5) | 1/19 (5) |
| Losken 2006 [47] | SP | 32 | 6/32 (18) | 6.7 (1–15) | 2.1 | I | - | - | 1/32 (3) | 1/32 (3) | 7/32 (22) |
| Milczuk 2007 [46] | SP+Furlow | 9 | 0/9 (0) | 9.5 (6.8–11.5) | 1.4 (0.2–3.7) | I | I | I | - | 0/9 (0) | 0/9 (0) |
| Hens and Vander Poorten, unpublished data | Hynes | 2 | 0/2 (0) | 6.5 (5–8) | 1.8 (1.2–2.3) | 1/2 (50) | 1/2 (50) | 1/2 (50) | 0/2 (0) | - | 0/2 (0) |
| Sie 1998 [25] | Hynes | 6 | 0/6 (0) | 8.7 (4.7–13.4) | 1.1 (0.2–2.9) | 3/6 (50) | 4/6 (67) | - | 0/6 (0) | 0/6 (0) | 0/6 (0) |
| Mehendale 2004 [24] | Hynes | 16 | 0/16 (0) | 6.7 | (4 (0.6–9.17)) | 3/16 (19) | 6/16 (38) | - | 2/16 (13) | 0/16 (0) | 3/16 (19) |
| Mehendale 2004 [24] | Hynes+IVP | 11 | 11/11 (100) | 6.7 (2.4–15.3) | (4 (0.6–9.17)) | 4/11 (36) | 6/11 (55) | - | 3/11 (27) | 0/11 (0) | 11/11 (100) |
- : not reported; I: improvement; IVP: intravelar veloplasty; PF: pharyngeal flap; likely PF: pharyngoplasty not otherwise specified; SP: sphincter pharyngoplasty; ∧: include intermittent closure.