Table 2. Hierarchical properties of real networks.
| Type | Meaning of 
|
Network |
|
|
|
|
| Food web | A eats B | Ythan [48] | 135 | 4.452 | 0.814 
|
0.507 |
| Seagrass [49] | 49 | 4.612 | 0.723 
|
0.253 | ||
| LittleRock [50] | 183 | 13.628 | 0.811 
|
0.045 | ||
| GrassLand [48] | 88 | 1.557 | 0.961 
|
0.695 | ||
| Electric | B depends on the value at A | s1488 [51] | 667 | 2.085 | 0.482 
|
0.298 |
| s1494 [51] | 661 | 2.116 | 0.482 
|
0.289 | ||
| s5378 [51] | 2993 | 1.467 | 0.231 
|
0.062 | ||
| s9234 [51] | 5844 | 1.4 | 0.424 
|
0.050 | ||
| s35932 [51] | 17828 | 1.683 | 0.459 
|
0.015 | ||
| Metabolic | B is an end product of A | C. elegans [52] | 1173 | 2.442 | 0.048 | 0.052 |
| E. coli [52] | 2275 | 2.533 | 0.043 | 0.058 | ||
| S. cerevisiae [52] | 1511 | 2.537 | 0.037 | 0.042 | ||
| Neuronal | A synapse goes from A to B | C. elegans [53], [54] | 297 | 7.943 | 0.133 
|
0.023 |
| Macaque brain [55] | 45 | 10.289 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Internet | A communicates with B | p2p-1 [56], [57] | 10876 | 3.677 | 0.598 | 0.597 |
| p2p-2 [56], [57] | 8846 | 3.599 | 0.600 | 0.599 | ||
| p2p-3 [56], [57] | 8717 | 3.616 | 0.607 | 0.605 | ||
| Organization | B trusts in A | Enron [58], [59] | 156 | 10.699 | 0.038 
|
0.044 |
| Consulting [60] | 46 | 19.109 | 0.043 
|
0.032 | ||
| Manufacturing [60] | 34 | 18.935 | 0.013 | 0.013 | ||
| B knows A | Freemans-1 [61] | 34 | 18.971 | 0.028 
|
0.041 | |
| Freemans-2 [61] | 77 | 24.412 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Trust | B trusts in A | WikiVote [62] | 7115 | 14.573 | 0.494 
|
0.534 |
| College [63], [64] | 32 | 3 | 0.275 | 0.273 | ||
| Prison [64,64] | 67 | 2.716 | 0.172 
|
0.111 | ||
| Language | B follows A | English [65] | 7724 | 5.992 | 0.128 
|
0.238 |
| French [65] | 9424 | 2.578 | 0.657 
|
0.875 | ||
| Spanish [65] | 12642 | 3.57 | 0.951 | 0.939 | ||
| Japanese [65] | 3177 | 2.613 | 0.054 
|
0.206 | ||
| Regulatory | A regulates B | TRN-Yeast-1 [66] | 4441 | 2.899 | 0.934 
|
0.968 |
| TRN-Yeast-2 [67] | 688 | 1.568 | 0.116 
|
0.670 | ||
| TRN-EC [67] | 419 | 1.239 | 0.261 
|
0.679 |
We show the order (
), average degree (
), and global reaching centrality for the original (
) and for the randomized networks (
). References to data sources are included. Suits next to the GRC values show comparison to the randomized networks: whether the original networks are more hierarchical than their randomization (club suit) or they are more egalitarian (diamond suit) with a 98% confidence level. The meaning of edges is also indicated.