Table 1.
Characteristics of women in pregnancy and at two months postnatal, and unadjusted associations with WHO Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS-II) score.
| Characteristic | Pregnancy (n = 1065) |
Postnatal 2 months (n = 954) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or mean (SD) | Multipliera of WHODAS-II score (95%CI) | N (%) or mean (SD) | Multiplier of WHODAS-II score (95%CI) | |
| Maternal age (years) | 26.9 (6.4) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 26.9 (6.3) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 161(15.1) | (1) | 138 (14.5) | (1) |
| 1 to 4 previous live births | 596 (56.0) | 1.17 (0.90, 1.54) | 535 (56.1) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.50) |
| 5 or more live births | 308 (28.9) | 1.52 (1.14, 2.02) | 281 (29.5) | 1.06 (0.71, 1.58) |
| No formal education | 846 (79.4) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) | 763 (80.0) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Number of assets | 4.4 (1.5) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 4.5 (1.5) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) |
| Self-rated lower wealth | 609 (57.3) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 539 (56.6) | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) |
| No emergency resources | 599 (56.4) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 595 (62.5) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) |
| Hungry from lack of money | 167 (15.7) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.76) | 99 (10.4) | 2.17 (1.61, 2.92) |
| Indebted | 82 (7.7) | 1.27 (0.96, 1.68) | 77 (8.1) | 1.76 (1.25, 2.50) |
| Stressors | ||||
| No. of life events | ||||
| 0 | 632 (59.3) | (1) | 672 (71.2) | (1) |
| 1 | 255 (23.9) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | 181 (19.2) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.62) |
| ≥ 2 | 178 (16.7) | 1.75 (1.41, 2.16) | 91 (9.6) | 2.97 (2.17, 4.07) |
| Health | ||||
| Maternal body mass index (kg/m2) |
21.7 (2.3) (n = 1037) |
1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 20.7 (2.4) (n = 765) |
1.00 (0.95, 1.05) |
| No. of malarial episodes | ||||
| 0 | 886 (83.7) | (1) | 824 (86.8) | (1) |
| 1 | 112 (10.6) | 1.41 (1.07, 1.84) | 112 (11.8) | 2.00 (1.46, 2.74) |
| 2 + | 60 (5.7) | 1.09 (0.78, 1.53) | 13 (1.4) | 1.02 (0.44, 2.38) |
| Diarrhoea | 24 (2.3) | 1.58 (0.96, 2.58) | 55 (5.8) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.03) |
| Fever | 139 (13.1) | 1.95 (1.56, 2.44) | 240 (25.1) | 1.71 (1.35, 2.17) |
| Substance misuse | ||||
| Drinks alcohol weekly | 54 (5.1) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.11) | 17 (1.8) | 0.31 (0.13, 0.74) |
| Chews khat weekly | 137 (12.9) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) | 95 (10.0) | 1.25 (0.82, 1.89) |
| Social support | ||||
| Sees friends ≤ monthly | 264 (24.8) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.38) | 144 (15.1) | 1.45 (1.07, 1.97) |
| Not enough help at home | 642 (60.3) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | 366 (38.4) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) |
| Not enough help with children | 686 (66.2) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) | 426 (44.7) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.23) |
| Not enough help from husband | 124 (11.7) | 1.28 (1.00, 1.64) | 93 (9.9) | 1.53 (1.06, 2.21) |
| Gestation at recruitment | ||||
| 7 months | 494 (46.4) | (1) | ||
| 8 months | 330 (31.0) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.63) | – | – |
| 9 months | 241 (22.6) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.74) | ||
| Obstetric complications | ||||
| None | – | – | 330 (35.9) | (1) |
| One | 319 (34.7) | 1.09 (0.81, 1.47) | ||
| Two or more | 271 (29.5) | 1.36 (1.01, 1.83) | ||
| Severe infant illness | – | – | 198(20.8) | 1.58 (1.20, 2.08) |
WHODAS-II = WHO Disability Assessment Schedule.
a
A multiplier of 1.02 increases the WHODAS score 1.02 times (absolute increase of 2%) for every one year increase in the woman's age.