TABLE 1.
Biphasic dose response studies of LLLT in vitro.
| Year | Cells | Laser characteristics | Fluence | Irradiance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | Lymphocytes in vitro | “threshold phenomenon” | Mester et al. 1978 | ||
| 1990 | Macrophage cell lines (U-937) | 820nm Laser; 120mW/cm2; 2.4J/ cm2 to 9.6J/cm2 | Cell proliferation: Maximum at 7.2J/cm2 least at 9.6J/cm2 | Bolton et al. 1990 | |
| 1991 | Macrophage cell lines (U-937) | 820nm Laser; 2.4J/cm2 or 7.2J/cm2; 400mW/ cm2 or 800mW/ cm2 | cell proliferation increased at 400mW/ cm2; Cell viability reduced at 800mW/cm2 | Bolton et al. 1991 | |
| 1994 | Human oral mucosal fibroblast cells | 812nm laser; 4.5mW/cm2; | Cell proliferation peak at 0.45 J/cm2; less at 1.422J/cm2 | Loevschall and Arenholt-Bindslev 1994 | |
| 2001 | Chinese hamster ovary and human fibroblast cells | He-Ne laser;1.25 mW/cm2; 0.06 to 0.6J/cm2 | Cell proliferation peak at 0.18 J/cm2; less at 0.6J/cm2. | al-Watban and Andres 2001 | |
| 2003 | human fibroblast cells | 628nm LED; 11.46 mW/cm2; 0, 0.44, 0.88, 2.00, 4.40, and 8.68 J /cm2 | Cell proliferation maximum at 0.88 J/cm2; reduced at 8.68 J/cm2 | Zhang et al. 2003 | |
| 2005 | Human HEP-2 and murine L-929 cell lines | 670 nm LED; 5 J/cm2 per treatment; Total 50J/cm2/day; 1 to 4 treatments/day | Cell proliferation bigger at 2 treatments/day | Brondon et al. 2005 | |
| 2005 | Hela cells | wavelength range of 580–860 nm | DNA synthesis rate maximum at 0.1 J/cm2 with 0.8 mW/cm2 | Karu and Kolyakov 2005 | |
| 2005 | Wounded fibroblasts | 632.8nm laser; 2mW/cm2; 0.5, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 J/cm2 | Cell proliferation maximum at a single dose of 2.5J/cm2; Cellular damage at 10J/cm2 | Hawkins and Abrahamse 2005 | |
| 2006 | Wounded fibroblasts | 632.8nm laser; 5.0 J/ cm2 or 16J/ cm2 | Cell proliferation and cell viability increased at 5 J/cm2; decreased at 10 and 16 J/cm2 | Hawkins and Abrahamse 2006a | |
| 2006 | Wounded fibroblasts | 632.8nm laser; 5.0 J/cm2 or 16J/cm2 | Cell migration and proliferation increased at a single dose of 5.0 J/cm2 and two or three doses of 2.5 J/cm2; inhibited at 16 J/cm2 | Hawkins and Abrahamse 2006b | |
| 2007 | Human Neural Progenitor Cells (NHNPCs) | 810nm; 0.2J/ cm2; 50mW/cm2 and 100mW/ cm2 | Neurite outgrowth greater at 50mW/cm2; less at 100mW/cm2 | Anders et al. 2007 | |
| 2009 | Rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes | 810nm laser_1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 50 J/cm2 | Cell proliferation increased at 5 J/cm2 (16.7 mW/cm2); Lower at 50 J/cm2 | Yamaura et al. 2009 | |
| 2009 | Mouse embryonic fibroblasts | 810nm laser; 0.003,0.03,0.3,3 or 30J/cm2 | NF-κB activation maximum at 0.3 J/cm2; decreased at 3 J/cm2 and 30 J/cm2 | Chen et al. 2009 |