Table 1. Evidence of cardiovascular programming following pre-eclampsia.
An overview of some of the evidence for cardiovascular programming in offspring of animal models and humans born to pre-eclamptic mothers. Positive findings are underlined in roman and negative findings are indicated in italic.
| Human offspring | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal model offspring | Perinatal | Later life | |||||||||
| Parameter | RUPP | Hypoxia | sFLT1 | eNOS | Placenta | Cord blood | HUVECs | Neonate | Childhood | Adolescence | Young adult |
| BP | |||||||||||
| ↑BP | [63–65][54–58,60–62,159,160,162,180] | [72,100] | [78,181] | [82,182] | – | – | – | [183] | [114,184][10,15,177,178,185] | [11][7,8,13,14] | [12] |
| Altered BP under stress | – | – | [72] | [82] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vascular structural changes | |||||||||||
| ↑IMT/vascular wall thickness | [63,64,86] | [87–89] | – | – | – | – | – | [92] | – | – | [12] |
| ↑Arterial stiffness | [55,63] | [69] | – | [186][113] | – | – | – | – | [15] | – | [12] |
| Vascular functional changes | |||||||||||
| Endothelial dysfunction | [63,141][54,110] | [69–71] | – | [112,113,182,186] | – | [116] | [187] | [31] | [15] | [11] | [12] |
| Non-endothelial function | [110,141] | [71] | [188] | [113,182] | – | – | – | – | – | [11] | [12] |
| Cardiac structural and functional changes | |||||||||||
| Altered cardiac structure | [65][57,86] | [72,95–98] | [181] | – | – | – | – | – | [105] | – | – |
| LV dysfunction | – | [95] | – | – | – | – | – | [189] | [105] | – | – |
| ↑IR injury | – | [94,99–101,190] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Renal structural and functional changes | |||||||||||
| Altered structure and function | [59,62,65][57,58,61,64,65,86,159–161] | – | [191] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Metabolic changes | |||||||||||
| ↑BMI | [54,56–59,62,65,86, 110,180,192,193][194,195] | [71,72,88,94,95, 100,131,196] | [77,181,188] | [82,113] | – | – | – | [92] | [178,184][7,8,10,15] | [11,14][16] | [12][13] |
| ↑Serum lipids | [56,63,195] | [196] | [181] | – | – | [92,126–130] | – | – | [15] | [14] | [12] |
| [131] | [114] | ||||||||||
| Altered glucose metabolism | [63][56,194,195,197] | [196] | [181] | – | – | – | – | – | – | [14] | [12] |
| Altered sympatho-adrenal function | |||||||||||
| Adrenal hormones | [62,161,195] | [72,155,157] | – | – | – | [198,199] | – | – | – | [154] | – |
| [14] | |||||||||||
| Sympathetic changes | [200] | [72,158] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Genetic/epigenetic changes | |||||||||||
| Gene expression | [57,61,65,160,161][62,63,159] | [96,97,100,131,190,196] | – | [191] | [67,103,164,201–206] | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Epigenetics | – | [101] | – | – | [135–137] | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Other | |||||||||||
| ↓Antioxidants | – | – | – | – | [207] | [127,147] | – | – | – | – | – |
| ↑Oxidative stress | [56] | – | – | – | [148] | [127,147,148] | – | – | – | – | – |
| ↑Anti-angiogenic factors | – | – | – | – | – | [120,121] | – | – | [114] | – | – |
| ↑PlGF/VEGF | – | – | – | – | – | [120] | – | – | [114] | – | – |
| Altered inflammation | [63] | [131] | [181] | – | – | – | [173–176] | [208] | [15,114] | – | – |