Table 3.
Selected Milestones Outside the U.S. in the Evolution of Cumulative Risk Assessment for Combined Health Effects from Multiple Environmental Stressors.
| Year | Milestone | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency: Cumulative Effects Assessment Practitioners’ Guide | [73] |
| 2002 | United Kingdom, Food Standards Agency: Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Pesticides and Similar Substances | [74] |
| 2002 | Danish Veterinary and Food Administration: Combined Actions of Pesticides in Food | [75] |
| 2003 | Danish Veterinary and Food Administration: Combined Actions and Interactions of Chemicals in Mixtures | [76] |
| 2004 | European Union, Integrated Research Project: Novel Methods for Integrated Risk Assessment of Cumulative Stressors in Europe (NoMiracle) – Project Period: 2004 to 2009 | [77,78] |
| 2005 | European Union, Regulation No. 396/2005: Maximum Residue Levels of Pesticides in or on Food and Feed of Plant and Animal Origin | [79] |
| 2007 | European Union, European Food Safety Authority: Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticides to Human Health | [80] |
| 2007 | United Kingdom, Environment Agency: Addressing Environmental Inequities: Cumulative Environmental Impacts | [25] |
| 2007 | Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (policy statement): Addressing Cumulative Environmental Effects under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act | [81] |
| 2008 | World Health Organization: Urban Heart: Health Equity Assessment & Response Tool (update 2010 and user manual 2010) | [82,83,84] |
| 2009 | United Kingdom, Institute of Environment and Health: Chemical Mixtures: A Framework for Assessing Risk to Human Health | [85] |
| 2009 | World Health Organization/International Program on Chemical Safety: Assessment of Combined Exposures to Multiple Chemicals | [20,21] |