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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 29.
Published in final edited form as: Methods Mol Biol. 2010;610:403–417. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-029-8_24

Table 24.1. List of lipid/protein oxidation products generated during the oxidation of LDL.

  1. Fatty acid oxidation products:

    1. Free and esterified fatty acid peroxides, such as 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (13-HPODE)

    2. Free and esterified fatty acid hydroxides, such as 13-hydroxylinoleic acid (13-HODE)

    3. Prostaglandin-like products, such as isoprostanes in free and esterified forms

    4. Aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy nonenal, and hexanal

    5. Core aldehydes that contain esterified lipid backbone, such as oxovaleryl phosphatidylcholine

    6. Pentane and other hydrocarbons

  2. Lipid derived products:

    1. Lysophosphatidylcholine

    2. Cholesterol oxidation products, such as 7 keto cholesterol

    3. Internally modified phosphatidyl ethanolamine/serine products

  3. Protein oxidation products:

    1. Protein carbonyls

    2. Non-enzymatic proteolyzed fragments

    3. Modified cysteine, cystine, histidine, methionine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, and tyrosine

    4. Protein cross-links due to tyrosine cross-links as well as due to bifunctional aldehydes

    5. Lipid–protein adducts which could be classified as ceroids (lipofuscins)

    6. Many of the above changes as well as conformational changes might lead to antigenicity

  4. Other changes:

    1. Increased buoyant density

    2. Increased negative charge

    3. Loss of characteristic yellow color (human)

    4. Loss of enzyme activities associated with LDL