Table 1.
Stem Cell Trials for Stress Urinary Incontinence*
| Publication year/First author | Animal model/Patients | Cell type | Transplantation method/cell number | Cell tracking method | Assessment time point | Functional assessment | Urethral histology | Differentiation assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002/Yiou [17] | Sphincter injury mice | Autologous SkMSC | Periurethral/250,000 | PKH26 | 1 & 4 weeks | None | HE | None |
| 2003/Lee [42] | Sciatic nerve transection rats | Allogeneic SkMSC | Periurethral/3,000,000 | None | 1 & 4 weeks | LPP | HE, CD8 | None |
| 2003/Yiou [44] | Sphincter injury rats | Autologous SkMSC | Periurethral/5,000,000 | LacZ | 5 & 30 days | Sphincter electrostimulation | PGP9.5, AchR, β-gal | α-actinin-2 |
| 2003/Cannon [74] | Sciatic nerve transection rats | Allogeneic SkMSC | Periurethral/3,000,000 | None | 2 weeks | Organ bath | Myosin, CD4 | None |
| 2004/Chermansky [64] | Sphincter cauterization rats | Allogeneic SkMSC | Periurethral/1,500,000 | LacZ | 2, 4, & 6 weeks | LPP | HE, β-gal PGP9.5, Myosin | None |
| 2004/Lee [66] | Pudendal nerve transection rats | Allogeneic SkMSC | Periurethral/30,000,000 | None | 4 & 12 weeks | LPP | HE | None |
| 2005/Yiou [45] | Sphincter injury rats | Autologous SkMSC | Periurethral/5,000,000 | LacZ | 4 weeks | Sphincter electrostimulation | β-gal | α-actinin-2 |
| 2006/Kwon [65] | Sciatic nerve transection rats | Allogeneic SkMSC | Periurethral/1,000,000 | None | 4 weeks | LPP, Organ bath | HE | None |
| 2007/Kim [55] | Sciatic nerve transection nude rats | Human SkMSC | Periurethral/500,000 | Human lamins | 4 weeks | LPP | HE | None |
| 2007/Mitterberger [22] | 123 female patients | Autologous SkMSC | Transurethral/28,000,000 | NA | 1 year | Clinical, Urodynamic | NA | NA |
| 2008/Mitterberger [23] | 63 male patients | Autologous SkMSC | Transurethral/28,000,000 | NA | 1 year | Clinical, Urodynamic | NA | NA |
| 2008/Mitterberger [24] | 20 female patients | Autologous SkMSC | Transurethral/20,000,000 | NA | 1, 3, 6,12, & 24 months | Clinical, Urodynamic | NA | NA |
| 2008/Carr [28] | 8 female patients | Autologous SkMSC | Periurethral & Transurethral/20,000,000 | NA | 3–24 months | Clinical | NA | NA |
| 2008/Hoshi [53] | Periurethral injury rats | Allogeneic & Xenogeneic rodent SkMSC | Periurethral/Unknown cell number | GFP transgene | 4 & 12 weeks | Electrical stimulation | EM | SMA, N-200 |
| 2008/Furuta [54] | Pudendal nerve transection nude rats | Human SkMSC | Periurethral/1,000,000 | Human lamins | 6 weeks | LPP | IF for human lamins | None |
| 2010/Lin [14] | Vagina distension rats | Autologous ADSC | Periurethral & IV/1,000,000 | BrdU, EdU | 4 weeks | Conscious cystometry, LPP | Elastin, SDF-1, Trichrome | SMA |
| 2010/Fu [19] | Vagina distension rats | Allogeneic ADSC | Periurethral/4,500,000 | None | 1 and 3 months | LPP | None | None |
| 2010/Kinebuchi [48] | Sphincter injury rats | Autologous BMSC | Periurethral/500,000 | GFP | 1 to 12 weeks | LPP | HE, SMA, Myosin | Desmin, PGP9.5 |
| 2010/Lim [50] | Sphincter injury rats | Human CBSC | Periurethral/2,000,000 | Iron oxide & DiI | 2 & 4 weeks | LPP | HE, Trichrome | Desmin |
| 2010/Lee [29] | 39 female patients | Allogeneic CBSC | Periurethral/400,000,000 | NA | 1, 3, 12 months | Clinical, Urodynamic | NA | NA |
| 2010/Zou [49] | Sciatic nerve transection rats | BMSC on scaffold | Sling surgery | CFDA | 4 & 12 weeks | LPP | HE, Trichrome | None |
| 2010/Xu [63] | Pudendal nerve transection rats | Allogeneic SkMSC | Periurethral/1,000,000 | GFP | 1 & 4 weeks | LPP | FVIIIRA, Trichrome | None |
| 2011/Zhao [21] | Pudendal nerve transection rats | Autologous ADSC | Periurethral/1,000,000 | LacZ | 2, 6, & 8 weeks | LPP | PGP9.5, Trichrome | None |
| 2011/Kim [47] | Pudendal nerve transection rats | Allogeneic BMSC | Periurethral/1,500,000 | DAPI | 4 weeks | LPP | HE | SMA, Vimentin, Desmin |
| 2011/Corcos [46] | Pudendal nerve transection rats | Allogeneic BMSC | Periurethral/500,000 | PKH26 | 4 weeks | LPP | HE | Myosin, Desmin |
| 2011/Wu [20] | Pudendal nerve transection rats | Allogeneic ADSC | Periurethral/5,000,000 | Hoechst 33258 | 2 weeks | LPP | HE, Trichrome | None |
| 2011/Watanabe [22a] | Pelvic nerve transection rats | Allogeneic ADSC | Periurethral/3,000,000 | GFP | 2 & 4 weeks | LPP | HE, Trichrome | SMA, desmin |
| 2011/Sebe [30] | 12 female patients | Autologous SkMSC | Endourethral/10 to 50 million | NA | 1, 3, 6, 12 months | Clinical, Urodynamic | NA | NA |
*
In chronicle order based on PubMed listing. AchR, acetylcholine receptor; HE, hematoxylin eosin; LPP, leak point pressure; NA, not applicable; EM, electron microscopy; IF, immunofluorescence; FVIIIRA, factor VIII-related antigen.