Table 2.
Selected examples of dietary glycerophospholipids (GPLs) used as supplements in the mentioned studies
| Brand name/Product name | Product information given by the producer/publication |
|---|---|
| Dietary GPLs from soybean | |
| Essentiale® | 80% PC, other ingredients: soybean oil, castor oil, ethanol, ethylvanillin, methoxyacetophenon, food colourings, gelatine, tocopherol and water; as capsules. Nattermann & Cie. GmbH |
| Essentiale L® or Buer® Lecithin | Soybean GPL (purity unknown), other ingredients: riboflavin, phosphate sodium, pyridoxine hydrochloride, cyanocobalamin, sodium panthotenate and nicotinamide; as capsules. Nicholas Piramal India Ltd. Or Nycomed Germany GmbH |
| Lipoid S45® | 45-50% soybean PC, 10-18% PE, max. 4% LysoPC. Typical FA composition: 58-65% linoleic acid, 12-17% palmitic acid, 8-12% oleic acid and other FAs; as powdered compound. Lipoid GmbH |
| Lipostabil® | 93% PC, other ingredients: ethanol, benzyl alcohol, deoxycholic acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, tocopherol and water; as liquid formulation. Artegodan GmbH |
| PC-55 | 55% PC, 30% PE, 3% PI, other PLs and triglycerides; as powdered compound. TwinLab [77] |
| PhosChol | 80% soybean lecithin (Phosal 75A), 18% TG, other ingredients: anethole, tocopherol and paraben. Fatty acid composition: mainly linoleic acid; as liquid formulation. Nutrasal LLC Co. [66] |
| Phospholipon®100 | 100% native soybean PC as a powdered compound. Phospholipid GmbH |
| Phospholipon®90G | 94-100% PC, LysoPC and tocopherol as powdered compound. Phospholipid GmbH |
| Polyunsaturated PC | PC with 40-52% linoleic acid (n-6); as powdered compound. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer GmbH [104] |
| Polyunsaturated Lecithin | 60% PC, 30% PE, 6% phosphatidic acid, 3% monophosphatidylinositol, 3% LysoPC, 80% unsaturated fatty acids, 20% other fatty acids; as powdered compound. American Lecithin Co. [102] |
| Soy Lecithin | 31.7% PC, 20.8% PE, 3% PS, 17.5% PI, 2% phosphatidic acid, other ingredients unknown; as powdered compound. Herbarium, Brazil [99] |
| Soy Lecithin | 40.4% PC, 35.1% PE, 24.5% PI. Fatty acid composition: 56.6% linoleate, 18.9% palmitate and other fatty acids; as powdered compound. Central Soya, Fort Wayne IN [53] |
| Soybean PC | 96.5% PC as powdered compound. Tsujiseiyu Matsuzaka Co. [29] |
| Soybean PC capsules | 64% soybean PC, 30% soybean oil, other PLs, ethanol and water. Fatty acid composition: 64% linoleic acid, 12% palmitic acid, 12% oleic acid, 8% linolenic acid and 4% stearic acid; as liquid compound. Nutrition et Santé, Revel, France [54] |
| Sterpur P-30 | 30% PC, 21% PE and 8% PI, other ingredients unknown; as granulate. Stern-Lecithin & Soya GmbH [39,112] |
| Dietary GPLs from milk | |
| Lacprodan® PL-20 | 27% PC, 22% PE, 8% PI, 27% SPM, 12% PS and other ingredients; as powdered compound. Arla Foods Ingredients [57] |
| Sphingomyelin | Extracted from bovine milk, unknown composition, as powdered compound. Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. [34] |
| Dietary GPLs from marine origin | |
| MPL (Neptune Krill oil, NKO™) | 40% PL, 15% EPA and 9% DHA bound to PLs and neutral lipids, other ingredients: unsaturated FAs, saturated FAs, gelatine, glycerine, water; as liquid formulation packed in gelatine capsules. Jarrow Formulas Co. |
| MPL (Vitalipin®) | 29% PC, 18% EPA and 26% DHA bound to PLs and neutral lipids, other ingredients: polyenes, monounsaturated FAs, saturated FAs, other fats; as liquid formulation packed in gelatine capsules. Membramed health food GmbH |
| Squid meal PC | PC contains 35.2% palmitic acid, 9.2% EPA, 43% DHA and 13% other FAs; as powdered compounds. Nippon chemical Feed Co. Ltd. [30] |
| Dietary GPLs from animal origin | |
| Bovine liver PI | 100% PI as powdered compound. Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. [61] |
| Brain cortex derived PS | Unknown composition. Fidia Farmaceutical S.p.A. [89] |
| Pig brain GPLs | PLs with aprox. 23% saturated fatty acids, 53% monounsaturated fatty acids and 24% n-6 fatty acids, as powdered compound. Laboratoires Ponroy, France [71] |