Table 2.

Parenting behaviours: Effect size by programme and multiple comparisons between programmes

	SFSC				Incredible Years				Triple P				ANOVA	ANOVA multiple comparisons Mean difference (CIs)
Variable	N	Before (Mean, SD)	After (Mean, SD)	Effect size	N	Before (Mean, SD)	After (Mean, SD)	Effect size	N	Before (Mean, SD)	After (Mean, SD)	Effect size	F-test (df) p-value	SFSC-IY	SFSC-TP	IY-TP	Summary
Mental Well-Being	347	45.3 (11.2)	50.6 (10.3)	0.49	237	42.9 (10.3)	51.8 (10.0)	0.88	487	42.4 (9.7)	50.1 (9.3)	0.81	F(2,962) = 8.75, p = .001	-3.65 *** (-5.70, -1.60)	-2.11 ** (-3.81, -0.40)	1.54 (-0.36, 3.44)	SFSC < (IY = TP)
Parental laxness	325	22.8 (6.7)	19.1 (6.2)	-0.57	229	22.7 (7.1)	16.8 (6.1)	-0.89	486	21.1 (6.1)	16.5 (6.2)	-0.74	F(2,938) = 3.88, p = .021	2.01 ** (0.57, 3.49)	0.73 (-0.48, 1.95)	-1.29 (-2.63, 0.43)	SFSC < IY
Parent over-reactivity	314	22.4 (6.0)	18.4 (6.1)	-0.65	230	22.0 (6.4)	16.6 (6.2)	-0.86	488	22.9 (6.5)	17.0 (6.1)	-0.93	F(2,930) = 5.36, p = .005	1.06 (-0.46, 0.56)	1.83 ** (0.56, 3.11)	0.77 (-0.62, 2.16)	SFSC < TP
Parenting Efficacy	329	28.8 (6.6)	30.8 (5.9)	0.33	236	27.7 (6.8)	31.8 (6.1)	0.64	481	26.3 (5.9)	30.6 (5.4)	0.77	F(2,943) = 8.03, p = .001	-1.91 ** (-3.26, -0.57)	-2.02 *** (-3.15, -0.89)	-0.11 (-1.35, 1.13)	SFSC < (IY = TP)
Parenting Satisfaction	329	32.5 (8.1)	35.3 (8.5)	0.34	235	30.9 (7.7)	36.5 (7.9)	0.72	484	32.0 (7.4)	37.5 (7.4)	0.74	F(2,946) = 11.78, p = .001	-3.14 *** (-4.76, -1.52)	-2.67 *** (-4.01, -1.32)	0.46 (-1.04, 1.95)	SFSC < (IY = TP)

Notes: 1. Effect sizes are Cohen's d

2. Programme comparisons based on ANOVA of the change from baseline, defined as post-test minus pre-test, with parent gender, education and income and child gender and age included as control variables.

3. Multiple comparisons completed using Bonferroni test: n.s. = not significant;*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001