Table 2.

SEM effects decomposition of motivation to change, gender, and alcohol severity with 1-year drinking outcome

	Endogenous variables
	Alcohol severity			Problem recognition			Taking action			Alcohol consumption at 12-month follow-up
Causal variable	Unst.	SE	St.	Unst.	SE	St.	Unst.	SE	St.	Unst.	SE	St.
Gender
Direct effect	-0.217*	0.085	-0.114	-0.124	0.048	-0.033	0.091	0.066	0.047	-0.970**	0.342	-0.124
Total indirect effects	–	–	–	-0.092*	0.057	-0.068	-0.132*	0.057-0	-0.067	-0.224*	0.096	-0.029
Total effect	-0.217*	0.085	-0.114	-0.136*	0.057	-0.1	-0.114-0	0.078	-0.021	-1.193**	0.346	-0.152
Alcohol severity
Direct effect	–	–	–	0.423**	0.040	0.600	0.116*	0.057	0.114	–	–	–
Total indirect effects	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.332**	0.037	0.324	0.484**	0.112	0.118
Total effect	–	–	–	0.423**	0.040	0.600	0.448**	0.043	0.437	0.484**	0.112	0.118
Problem recognition
Direct effect	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.785**	0.082	0.540	1.846**	0.348	0.316
Total indirect effects	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-0.518*	0.195	-0.089
Total effect	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.785**	0.082	0.540	1.327**	0.255	0.228
Taking action
Direct effect	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-0.660**	0.232	-0.165
Total indirect effects	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Total effect	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-0.660**	0.232	-0.165

Notes: SEM = structural equation model; st. = standardized; unst. = unstandardized.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01.