Table 1.
Initial description of CTX-M enzymes belonging to different CTX-M groups.
| Year | Country | CTX-M | CTX-M group | Comment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Japan | FEC-1 | CTX-M-1 | Escherichia coli from the fecal flora of laboratory dogs used for pharmacokinetic studies and previously administered cephem antibiotics | Matsumoto et al. (1988) |
| 1989 | Germany | CTX-M-1 | CTX-M-1 | Escherichia coli isolate recovered from the ear of a 4-month child suffering from otitis media in Munich. The β-lactamases involved were firstly named as cefotaximases | Bauernfeind et al. (1990) |
| 1989 | Argentina | CTX-M-2 | CTX-M-2 | Salmonella Thypimurium isolates from hospitalized patients with meningitis, septicemia, or enteritis | Bauernfeind et al. (1992) |
| 1989 | France | MEN-1 | CTX-M-1 | Escherichia coli isolate in France in an Italian patient. Later sequencing reveals identity with CTX-M-1 | Bernard et al. (1992), Barthélémy et al. (1992) |
| 1993 | Japan | Toho-1 | CTX-M-2 | Escherichia coli isolate recovered from a 1-year-old female child who developed cystitis. Toho-1 was later renamed as CTX-M-44 | Ishii et al. (1995) |
| 1996 | Poland | CTX-M-3 | CTX-M-1 | Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli isolates recovered in Warsaw in patients with urinary tract infections | Gniadkowski et al. (1998) |
| 1999 | Taiwan | CTX-M-3 | CTX-M-1 | Different Escherichia coli isolates from several sources in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients | Yan et al. (2000) |
| 1994 | France | CTX-M-9 | CTX-M-9 | A retrospective study showed presence of Escherichia coli with this enzyme in this country before its first recognition in Spain | Saladin et al. (2002) |
| 1996 | Spain | CTX-M-9 | CTX-M-9 | First description of CTX-M-14 in an Escherichia coli isolate from a patients with an urinary tract infection | Sabaté et al. (2000) |
| 1996 | Brazil | CTX-M-9 | CTX-M-9 | Escherichia coli isolate recovered from an hospitalized patient in Rio de Janeiro | Bonnet et al. (2001) |
| 1997 | China | CTX-M-9 | CTX-M-9 | Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered as part of an antimicrobial resistance monitoring project | Chanawong et al., 2002 |
| 1996 | Korea | CTX-M-14 | CTX-M-9 | Detected in Shigella sonnei and in blood isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae | Pai et al. (2001) |
| 1997–1998 | China | CTX-M-14 | CTX-M-9 | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae recovered as part of an antimicrobial resistance monitoring project | Chanawong et al. (2002) |
| 1998 | Taiwan | CTX-M-14 | CTX-M-9 | Escherichia coli recovered during a multicenter antimicrobial resistance surveillance study | Ma et al. (2002) |
| 1998 | Poland | CTX-M-15 | CTX-M-1 | A retrospective study showed the presence of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli before the first description of this enzyme in India. Sequence and plasmid analysis revealed potential evolution from CTX-M-3 | Baraniak et al. (2002) |
| 1999 | India | CTX-M-15 | CTX-M-1 | First description of this enzyme | Karim et al. (2001) |
| 2001 | United Kingdom | CTX-M-15 | CTX-M-1 | Spread in the community of Escherichia coli isolates with CTX-M-1. A major clone was later identified as belonging to the international 25:H4-ST131 clone | Mushtaq et al. (2003), Woodford et al. (2004) |
| 1996–1997 | Brazil | CTX-M-8 | CTX-M-8 | Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter amalonaticus, and Enterobacter aerogenes from different sources in hospitalized patients | Bonnet et al. (2000) |
| 2000 | Canada | CTX-M-25 | CTX-M-25 | Escherichia coli isolate recovered from an hospitalized patient | Munday et al. (2004) |