Figure 7.

Duplications increase the rate of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Using the DLCoal model, we simulated 2000 gene trees for the 12 flies phylogeny, using an effective population size of N = 5 × 10⁶, duplication-loss rates of λ = μ = 0.0048 events/gene per million years, and 10 generations/yr. (A) As more gene duplications occur in a gene tree, the probability of ILS increases. (B) Overall, larger gene families tend to have increased ILS frequency. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.