Table 1.

Markers of increased CVD risk in normoglycemic women with GDM or pGDM.

Authors	Number of subjects	Months/years postpartum	Markers of CVD risk
Kousta et al., 2003 [45]	78	3 years	↑ Insulin resistance ↑ lipidemia
Anastasiou et al., 1998 [46]	68	3–6 months	↓ FMD
Hu et al., 1998 [47]	37	2–4 years	↓ Acetylcholine induced vasodilatation
Knock et al., 1997 [48]	32	During cesarean section	↑ Vascular pathology, vessel myography
Paradisi et al., 2002 [49]	38	During GDM pregnancy	↓ FMD
Heitritter et al., 2005 [50]	48	1 year	↓ Adiponectin
Winzer et al., 2004 [51]	108	3 months	↓ Adiponectin
Bo et al., 2007 [52]	195	6-7 years	↑ E-selectin ↑ ICAM-1 ↑ IMT
Thomaseth et al., 1997 [53]	10	1 year	↑ E-selectin ↑ VCAM-1
Lawrence et al., 2002 [54]	265	recent GDM	≈ E-selectin
Kautzky-Willer et al., 1997 [55]	41	3 months	↑ E-selectin ↑ VCAM-1
Shah et al., 2008 [56]	89.500	p GDM	↑ CVD events
Akinci et al., 2008 [57]	76	p GDM	↑ OPG ↑ IMT
Akinci et al., 2011 [58]	195	3 years	↑ OPG
Banerjee et al., 2011 [59]	29	2 years	↑ Vascular pathology, vessel myography
Farhan et al., 2006 [60]	70	recent GDM	↑ PAI-1
Madarász et al., 2009 [61]	107	4 years	↑ CVD risk factors, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism