Table 1.
Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | Case 5 | Case 6 | Case 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age/gender | 78/F | 73/F | 88/F | 74/M | 63/F | 55/M | 83/F |
Clinical Presentation | L hand weakness | R hand decreased dexterity | L arm weakness L pronator drift | R hand decreased dexterity (after cardiac catheterization) | R hand decreased dexterity R pronator drift | L hand weakness L pronator drift | L hand weakness |
Risk Factors | HTN, DM, HLD, ex-smoker | HTN, HLD, prior TIA | HTN, DM, HLD, atrial fibrillation, prior stroke | HLD, CAD, smoker | HTN, HLD, ex-smoker, old L ICA occlusion with prior stroke | HTN, HLD, ex-smoker | HTN, HLD, ex-smoker |
Workup | TTE: normal | TTE: normal | INR < 1.8 TTE: normal | TTE: LVEF 40%, inferolateral wall hypokinesis | TTE/TEE: aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma | EKG, TTE,TEE: normal findings, negative hypercoagulable work up | EKG, TTE, TEE: normal findings |
MRI/ MRA | R precentral gyrus infarct, R ICA stenosis | L precentral gyrus infarct, L ICA stenosis | R pre/post-central gyrus infarct, normal vessels | L pre/post-central gyrus infarct, normal vessels | L precentral gyrus infarct, L- ICA occlusion, TCD: preserved vasomotor reactivity | R precentral gyrus infarct, normal vessels | R precentral gyrus infarct, normal vessels |
DWI | |||||||
Classification | Large artery atherothrombosis | Large artery atherothrombosis | Cardioembolic | Cardioembolic | Determined (Hypoperfusion) | Undetermined | Undetermined |
F= female, M= male, HTN= hypertension, DM= diabetes mellitus, HLD= hyperlipidemia, MCA= middle cerebral artery, TIA= transient ischemic attack, CAD= coronary artery disease, ICA= internal carotid artery, EKG= electrocardiogram, US= ultrasound, TTE= transthoracic echocardiogram, TEE= transesophageal echocardiogram, LVEF= left ventricular ejection fraction, INR= international normalized ratio, MRI= magnetic resonance imaging, MRA= magnetic resonance angiography, TCD= transcranial Doppler, DWI= Diffusion weighted imaging,