Table 1.

Effect of osmolytes addition to several fibrillating proteins.

Osmolyte	Aβ40	Aβ42	α-synuclein	polyQ	Immunoglobulin light chains	Glucagon 1	insulin	lysozyme
Glucose	oligomerization [24]	oligomerization [24]	collapse			no effect	minor effect [14]
Sucrose	oligomerization [24]	oligomerization [24]				no effect	no/minor effect [14,44]	reduced aggregation [25,45]
Fructose	no effect[24]	no effect [24]					minor effect [14]
Galactose	induced fibrillation [24]	induced fibrillation [24]
Mannose	induced fibrillation [24]	induced fibrillation [24]
Sorbitol					longer lag, more stable fibrils [46]	no effect
Glycerol	oligomerization [33]					no effect		no effect [25]
Trehalose	slower/no fibrillation [36,37]	oligomerization (toxic) [36]		reduced aggregation in mice [47]		no effect	reduced/slower fibrillation [14,44]	increasing B1 [48], reduced aggregation [45]
Gly	faster fibrillation [35]					faster fibrilation		no effect [25]
Pro				amorphous aggregates [27]		polymorphism		inhibits aggregation [25]
Taurine	faster fibrillation [35]					slower fibrillation
Ectoine		longer lag time, more oligomers, lower toxicity[40]				faster fibrilation	highly reduced fibrillation [44]
Betaine				faster fibrillation [27]	longer lag, more stable fibrils [46]	faster fibrilation	highly reduced fibrillation [44]	increasing B2 [48]
Sarcosine						faster fibrillation, polymorphism		Tm of unfolding increases by 22°, but the unfolded lysozyme aggregates [12]
TMAO	little effect [37]; oligomerization [33]		folded oligomer/enhanced fibrillation [28]	amorphous aggregates [27]

Notes:

¹Based on results in this study.

²B: osmotic second virial coefficient.

An increasing value means more attractive forces between molecules.