Table 1.

Definition of variables in the analysis

Variable	Operational definition
Dependent variable
Enrolment in NHIF	Yes = 1 and No = 0
Key independent variables
Type of employment sector	1 = Formal sector and 0 = Informal sector
Participation in the National Social Security Fund (NSSF)	Yes = 1 and No = 0
Participation in savings and credit cooperative organizations (SACCOs)	Yes = 1 and No = 0
Participation in community-based savings groups	Yes = 1 and No = 0
Other independent variables
Income in the last one montha	0 = Non-poor, 1 = Poor, and 2 = Don't know/missing
Gender	1 = Female and 0 = Men
Marital status	1 = Currently in union, 2 = Formerly in union, and 3 = Never in union
Age of respondents	0 = Less than 24 years, 1 = 24-29 years, 2 = 30-39 years, 3 = 40-49 years, and 4 = 50+ years
Education	0 = Never attended school, 1 = Primary, and 2 = Secondary/higher
Slum residence	0 = Viwandani and 1 = Korogocho
Ethnicity	0 = Kikuyu, 1 = Luhya, 2 = Luo, 3 = Kamba, and 4 = Other

^aIndividuals who earned less than USD 1.25 per day fell below the World Bank-defined poverty line and were categorized as poor, while those who earned this amount and above were defined as non-poor.