Figure 1.

Design and fabrication of anatomically shaped human and rat tooth scaffolds by 3D bioprinting. Anatomic shape of the rat mandibular central incisor (A) and human mandibular first molar (B) were used for 3D reconstruction and bioprinting of a hybrid scaffold of poly-ϵ-caprolactone and hydroxyapatite, with 200-µm microstrands and interconnecting microchannels (diam., 200 µm), which serve as conduits for cell homing and angiogenesis (C,D). A blended cocktail of stromal-derived factor-1 (100 ng/mL) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (100 ng/mL) was delivered in 2 mg/mL neutralized type I collagen solution and infused in scaffold microchannels for rat incisor scaffold (E) and human molar scaffold (F), followed by gelation.