Table 1.
Viruses studied and their receptor-binding phenotypes
| Influenza virus | Accession no.a | Phenotypeb |
|---|---|---|
| Non-H7 duck viruses | ||
| Mallard/Alberta/119/98 (H1N1) | d | |
| Mallard/Ontario/56/76 (H2N3) | d | |
| Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2) | d | |
| Mallard/Alberta/353/88 (H2N3) | d | |
| Mallard/Alberta/205/98 (H2N9) | d | |
| Mallard/Alberta/226/98 (H2N3) | d | |
| Mallard/Alberta/279/98 (H3N8) | d | |
| Mallard/Moscow/3556/08 (H3N2) | d | |
| Mallard/Alberta/47/98 (H4N1) | d | |
| Mallard/Moscow/3661/08 (H4N6) | d | |
| Mallard/Moscow/3641/08 (H11N9) | d | |
| H7 Eurasian poultry viruses | ||
| Chicken/FPV/Rostok/34 (N1) HPAIc | FLAHA7N1 | P$ |
| Turkey/England/647/77 (N7) | AF202247 | p* |
| African starling/England/983/79 (N1) | AF149295 | p |
| Chicken/England/4054/06 (N3) | EF467826 | P |
| Duck/Turkey/55/centinkaya/06 (N1) | N/A | P |
| Chicken/Wales/1306/07 (N2) | EF675618 | p* |
| Chicken/England/1158-11406/08 (N7) | FJ476173 | P |
| Turkey/Italy/977/99 (N1) | CY024754 | p |
| Turkey/Italy/1081/99 (N1) | AF364135 | P |
| Turkey/Italy/1082/99 (N1) | AF364136 | p |
| Turkey/Italy/2379/99 (N1) | AF364148 | p* |
| Turkey/Italy/2715/99 (N1) | AF364150 | p* |
| Turkey/Italy/2732/99 (N1) | CY025181 | p* |
| Turkey/Italy/3185/99 (N1) | AF364153 | p* |
| Turkey/Italy/3560/99 (N1) | AF364158 | P* |
| Turkey/Italy/4294/99 (N1) | AF364162 | P* |
| Turkey/Italy/5079/99 (N1) HPAI | AF364169 | P |
| Ostrich/Italy/984/00 (N1) HPAI | DQ991343 | P |
| Ostrich/Italy/2332/00 (N1) HPAI | DQ991312 | P |
| Turkey/Italy/2984/00 (N1) HPAI | CY021533 | P |
| Turkey/Italy/4426/99 (N1) | GU052992 | p* |
| Turkey/Italy/1351/01 (N1) | CY021421 | p |
| Turkey/Italy/8912/02 (N3) | CY020605 | P |
| Turkey/Italy/251/03 (N3) | CY020589 | p |
| Turkey/Italy/3620/03 (N3) | CY021357 | P |
| Turkey/Italy/4608/03 (N3) | CY021485 | p* |
| Turkey/Italy/4479/04 (N3) | CY020581 | p |
| H7 North American poultry viruses | ||
| Turkey/Minnesota/1200/80 (N3) | CY014778 | P* |
| Turkey/Minnesota/1/88 (N9) | CY014786 | P |
| Turkey/Virginia/4529/02 (N2) | N/A | p* $ |
| Avian/New York/273874/03 (N?) | N/A | p* $ |
| Chicken/NJ/294508-12/04 (N2) | EU743253 | p* $ |
| Chicken/Delaware/296763/04 (N?) | N/A | p* $ |
| H7 viruses isolated from humans | ||
| England/268/96 (N7) | AF028020 | P |
| Netherlands/219/2003 (N7) HPAI | AY338459 | P$ |
| Netherlands/230/2003 (N7) HPAI | EPI319937 | P$ |
| Netherlands/231/2003 (N7) HPAI | EPI319940 | P$ |
| New York/107/03 (N2) | EU587368 | p* $ |
| H7 Eurasian aquatic bird viruses | ||
| Duck/Hong Kong/293/78 (N2) | U20461 | P* |
| Mallard/Netherlands/12/00 (N3) | CY014718 | P |
| Mallard/Netherlands/9/05 (N7) | CY077008 | p |
| Mallard/Netherlands/22/07 (N1) | CY043840 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/56/02 (N7) | AY999977 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/82/02 (N7) | AY999978 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/85/02 (N7) | AY999979 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/87/02 (N7) | AY999980 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/91/02 (N9) | AY999981 | P* |
| Mallard/Sweden/92/02 (N7) | AY999982 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/94/02 (N7) | AY999984 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/102/02 (N7) | AY999986 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/105/02 (N7) | AY999989 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/106/02 (N7) | AY999990 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/107/02 (N7) | AY999991 | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/64/03 (N7) | CY096611+ | P |
| Mallard/Sweden/65/03 (N7) | CY096612+ | P |
| Redknot/Sweden/1/04 (N8) | CY096610+ | P |
| Mallard/Italy/33/01 (N3) | AY586411 | P |
| Mallard/Italy/440-8/05 (N7) | EPI167284+ | P |
| Mallard/Italy/497-29/06 (N7) | EPI167286+ | P |
| Mallard/Italy/497-35/06 (N7) | EPI167287+ | P |
| Shoveler/Italy/2698-27/06 (N7) | EPI167289+ | P |
| Shoveler/Italy/377-6/06 (N7) | EPI167285+ | P |
| Mallard/Italy/1336/07 (N3) | EPI167295+ | P* |
| Mallard/Italy/6104-14/07 (N3) | EPI167300+ | P |
| Teal/Italy/794-3/08 (N1) | EPI167298+ | P |
| H7 North American aquatic bird virues | ||
| Mallard/Alberta/279/77 (N3) | CY005976 | P |
| Ruddy turnstone/NJ/65/85 (N3) | CY005928 | P |
| Green-winged teal/Alberta/228/85 (N3) | CY005978 | P |
| Ruddy turnstone/DE/2378/88 (N7) | CY005980 | P |
| Redknot/NJ/325/89 (N7) | CY005981 | P |
| Mallard/Alberta/34/01 (N1) | CY005983 | P |
| Laughing gull/DE/22/02 (N3) | CY099313+ | p* |
| Laughing gull/DE/42/06 (N3) | EU030984 | p* |
| Mallard/Alberta/243/06 (N3) | CY099314+ | P* |
| Ruddy turnstone/DE/294/06 (N3) | N/A | p* |
| Ruddy turnstone/DE/108/07 (N3) | CY036775 | P* |
| Seal/Massachusetts/1/80 (N7) | K00429 | p |
| H7 equine viruses | ||
| Equine/Detroit/3/64 (N7) | CY099312+ | E7 |
| Equine/Lexington/1/66 (N7) | X62556 | E7 |
| Equine/Cordoba/5/76 (N7) | CY099311+ | E7 |
| Equine/Santiago/1/77 (N7) | AY383756 | E7 |
| H3 equine viruses | ||
| Equine/Miami/63 | E3 | |
| Equine/Tennessee/5/86 | E3 | |
| Equine/Kentucky/2/86 | E3 |
a
Data represent GenBank or EpiFlu accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences. Data for non-H7 HAs are not included. N/A, not available; “+,” sequences determined in this study.
b
Data represent distinctive patterns of virus binding to a panel of SGPs (see typical examples shown in Fig. 2 to 4; see also Table S1 in the supplemental material). d, see Fig. 2A; P, see Fig. 2B; p, see Fig. 2C; E7 and E3, see Fig. 3. “*,” virus binding to 6′SLN (Fig. 4B and C); “$,” data from the previous study (20).
c
HPAI, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with multibasic cleavage site between HA1 and HA2. FPV, fowl plague plague virus.