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VRPRVF stimulate significantly higher antiviral gene expression levels than those of nonreplicating counterparts. Fold change of relevant antiviral cytokine gene expression levels (over levels for mock-immunized mice) at 12 and 24 h postimmunization with VRPRVF (green) or nr-VRPRVF (blue). Error bars show standard deviations of the fold change. Asterisks indicate significant differences between VRPRVF and nr-VRPRVF results (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01).
