Fig. 4.

Example of co-activation analyses from a recent meta-analysis of emotion Adapted from Kober et al. (2008), Figs. 8–9). Co-activated regions show a significant tendency to be activated in the same study contrast maps (SCMs), as assessed with Kendall's tau-b. Arrows show significant co-activation. (A) Frontal regions (yellow/orange) co-activated with amygdala subregions (blue/purple) are a surprisingly circumscribed set of regions limited to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the right ventrolateral PFC/frontal operculum. The inset shows regions from the SPM Anatomy Toolbox (V15; (Eickhoff, Heim, Zilles, and Amunts, 2006; Eickhoff et al., 2005). Amy, amygdala; BL, basolateral complex; CM, centromedial complex; dmPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; pgACC, pregenual anterior cingulate; rdACC, rostral dorsal anterior cingulate; rfrOp, right frontal operculum; SF, superficial amygdala. (B) Frontal regions co-activated with midbrain periaqueductal gray (red, shown including a contiguous region in the thalamus) include a subset of the same frontal regions. (C) The only frontal region co-activated with hypothalamus (red) was the dmPFC. These results suggest locations for functional frontal-limbic and frontal-brainstem pathways related to emotional experience that can be tested in future neuroimaging and lesion studies.