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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004 Dec;25(6):383–391. doi: 10.1097/00004703-200412000-00001

Table 2.

Mean Scores of (Mother-Rated) Junior Temperament and Character Inventory Scales by DSM-IV Diagnostic Group

Probands (N = 156)
ADHD Only (n = 25)
DBD Only (n = 30)
DBD+Int (n = 43)
No Diagnosis (n = 58)
F
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Novelty seeking 9.12 3.24a,b 12.47 2.60c 10.49 4.27b,c 6.90 3.74a 17.58*
Harm avoidance 7.43 4.66a 7.11 4.84a 13.06 5.45b 8.22 5.06a 11.73*
Reward dependence 6.96 1.90a,b 4.97 2.53b,c 4.65 2.97c 6.99 2.14a 10.64*
Persistence 1.44 1.08b 1.37 1.38b 2.10 1.77a,b 3.13 1.62a 11.64*
Self-directedness 10.60 3.55b 9.90 4.02b 9.44 9.44b 15.21 3.67a 22.44*
Cooperativeness 16.20 2.53a 11.80 4.61b 12.60 5.26b 16.96 2.73a 17.10*
Fantasy 1.88 1.09b 0.71 1.09a 1.31 0.73a,b 0.73 0.83a 10.51*
Spirituality 2.08 1.44 1.07 1.20 1.64 1.44 1.84 1.62 2.58
Siblings (N = 154)
ADHD Only (n = 24)
DBD Only (n = 32)
DBD+Int (n = 23)
No Diagnosis (n = 75)
F
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Novelty seeking 9.04 3.04a,b 11.53 3.55b 9.70 4.34a,b 7.21 3.21a 12.57*
Harm avoidance 6.84 4.58a 8.97 5.26a 13.57 4.93b 6.99 4.13a 13.23*
Reward dependence 7.00 2.48a,b 4.78 2.61c 5.16 2.43b,c 7.20 1.86a 11.90*
Persistence 1.71 1.68b 1.97 1.75b 2.00 1.83a,b 3.37 1.74a 9.12*
Self-directedness 12.04 4.64b 10.60 4.03b 8.79 5.49b 15.89 3.37a 24.75*
Cooperativeness 16.25 3.63a 11.68 4.39b 12.59 4.94b 17.17 2.60a 22.74*
Fantasy 1.08 0.88 0.94 1.08 1.78 1.59 0.86 0.90 2.93
Spirituality 1.79 1.61a,b 0.94 1.08b 1.78 1.59a,b 1.99 1.57a 3.74

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; DBD, disruptive behavior disorder; DSD+Int, DBD plus an affective and/or anxiety disorder. Groups with the same letter do not significantly differ (p < .008) from each other using pairwise comparison (Tukey’s honestly significant difference test).

*

p< .001.