Table 1.

Comparison of technical details of new lithotripters

Lithotriptor	Shock wave generation	Focal size (−6 dB) Lateral (mm)	Focal depth (mm)	Maximum pressure (MPa)	Localisation system	Features
Siemens LITHOSKOP	Electromagnetic (coil; pulse)	12	160	N/A*	Isocentric fluoroscope C-arm Inline ultrasound	Shock wave source on parallel isocentric C-arm Multifunctional working station
Dornier Doli S	Electromagnetic (coil, EMSE, 220)	6	150	90	Isocentric fluoroscope C-arm Inline ultrasound Lateral ultrasound	Three simultaneous localisation options (tri-mode)
Storz-Medical MODULITH SLX-F2	Electromagnetic (cylinder)	F1: 6 F2: 9	180	150 90	Inline fluoroscopy Inline ultrasound	Two focal sizes Multifunctional working station
Xi Xin XX-ES	Electromagnetic (self-focusing)	18	180	30	Lateral ultrasound	Low-pressure ESWL Large focus
EDAP TMS Sonolith i-sys	Electroconductive (Diatron IV)	14	170 (155–210)	N/A	Isocentric fluoroscope C-arm Isocentric ultrasound	No jitter effect Automatic pressure regulator
MTS Lithogold 380	Electrohydraulic (SmartTrode)	16	165	40	Adaptable to a C-arm	Low-pressure ESWL Large focus
AST LithoSpace	Electrohydraulic	17	140	38	Adaptable to a C-arm and ultrasound	Navigation with acoustic tracking (SuperVision)
Richard Wolf PiezoLith 3000	Piezoelectric (two self-focussing layers)	F1: 2 F2: 4 F3: 8	165	126 119 48	Isocentric fluoroscope C-arm Inline ultrasound	Three focal sizes Dual simultaneous localisation

N/A = not available; ESME = estimated mean square error; ESWL = extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

^*E12 mm: 117 mJ.