Table 2.
Outcomes at baseline and 4- and 12-month follow-up for total sample (N = 230)
| Variable* | Interim (n =99) | Standard (n = 104) | Restored (n = 27) | Group × Time Interaction | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug and criminal activity | |||||
| Days of heroin use/last 30 days, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 2.9 | 0.57 | |||
| Baseline | 29.2 (0.30) | 29.1 (0.38) | 29.1 (0.51) | ||
| 4-month | 2.6 (0.53) | 3.7 (0.83) | 2.8 (1.0) | ||
| 12-Month | 4.4 (0.98) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.9 (2.4) | ||
| Days of cocaine use/last 30 days, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 3.9 | 0.42 | |||
| Baseline | 5.4 (0.83) | 6.2 (0.97) | 6.0 (1.8) | ||
| 4-month | 1.6 (0.38) | 2.8 (0.72) | 1.4 (0.78) | ||
| 12-Month | 1.8 (0.62) | 2.9 (0.74) | 1.0 (0.82) | ||
| Days of illegal activity/last 30 days, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 3.6 | 0.46 | |||
| Baseline | 10.4 (1.3) | 9.4 (1.2) | 10.2 (2.4) | ||
| 4-month | .48 (0.29) | 1.1 (0.47) | 1.1 (1.1) | ||
| 12-Month | .96 (0.47) | 2.0 (0.66) | 1.3 (1.2) | ||
| Illegal income/last 30 days, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 34.6 | <0.001 | |||
| Baseline | 657 (127) | 475 (106) | 443 (148) | ||
| 4-month | 9 (3) | 341 (288) | 114 (113) | ||
| 12-Month | 27 (12) | 55 (19) | 14 (12) | ||
| Money spent on drugs/last 30 days, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 4.8 | 0.31 | |||
| Baseline | 962 (100) | 927 (72) | 1256 (127) | ||
| 4-month | 58 (10) | 80 (21) | 55 (16) | ||
| 12-month | 89 (33) | 132 (29) | 188 (71) | ||
| Opiate positive test, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 1.0 | 0.91 | |||
| Baseline | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.04) | ||
| 4-month | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.52 (0.05) | 0.40 (0.10) | ||
| 12-Month | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.51 (0.11) | ||
| Cocaine positive test, Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 5.6 | 0.23 | |||
| Baseline | 0.49 (0.05) | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.37 (0.09) | ||
| 4-Month | 0.33 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.05) | 0.23 (0.09) | ||
| 12-Month | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.10) | ||
| Benzodiazepine positive test (Mean (SE) | χ2(4) = 1.4 | 0.85 | |||
| Baseline | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.22 (0.4) | 0.26 (0.08) | ||
| 4-month | 0.16 (0.04) | (0.20 (0.04) | 0.16 (0.08) | ||
| 12-Month | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.23 (0.09) | ||
| ASI Composite | |||||
| Medical, Mean (SE) | F(4, 402) = 0.75 | 0.56 | |||
| Baseline | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.05) | ||
| 4-month | 0.013 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.06) | ||
| 12-month | 0.19 (0.03) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.12 (0.06) | ||
| Employment, Mean (SE) | F(4, 397) = 0.76 | 0.55 | |||
| Baseline | 0.84 (0.03) | 0.74 (0.02) | 0.66 (0.05) | ||
| 4-month | 0.86 (0.03) | 0.79 (0.03) | 0.57 (0.05) | ||
| 12-month | 0.86 (0.03) | 0.76 (0.03) | 0.62 (0.06) | ||
| Alcohol, Mean (SE) | F(4, 369) =0.96 | 0.43 | |||
| Baseline | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.02) | ||
| 4-month | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | ||
| 12-month | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.03) | ||
| Drug, Mean (SE) | F(4, 344) = 0.83 | 0.51 | |||
| Baseline | 0.35 (0.01) | 0.35 (0.01) | 0.34 (0.01) | ||
| 4-month | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.02) | ||
| 12-month | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.01) | 0.12 (0.03) | ||
| Legal, Mean (SE) | F(4, 511) = 0.48 | 0.75 | |||
| Baseline | 0.24 (0.03) | 0.25 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.05) | ||
| 4-month | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | ||
| 12-month | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) | ||
| Family/Social, Mean (SE) | F(4, 468) = 0.44 | 0.78 | |||
| Baseline | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.02) | ||
| 4-month | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | ||
| 12-month | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | ||
| Psychiatric, Mean (SE) | F(4, 373) = 0.67 | 0.61 | |||
| Baseline | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | ||
| 4-month | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | ||
| 12-month | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.02 (.03) | ||
| Retention in Original Treatment Program | χ2(2) | P | |||
| 4 month, Mean (%) | 91 (91.9) | 84 (80.8) | 24 (88.9) | 5.6 | 0.06 |
| 12 month, Mean (%) | 60 (60.6) | 57 (54.8) | 10 (37.0) | 4.8 | 0.09 |
Note: Due to missing urine samples, the ns for opioid, cocaine, and benzodiazepine urine tests are as follows: At Baseline, n = 228 (2 missing); at 4-Month follow-up, n = 214 (2 missing); and at 12-Month follow-up, n = 200 (10 missing).