Table 5.
Executive function test deficits significantly associated (p<.01) with behavior disorders in the EPT/ELBW group.
| Behavior Disorder | Executive Function Test Deficita |
Deficit resent No. (%)b |
Deficit Absent No. (%) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes, Parent Form (P-ChIPS): | ||||
| ADHD Combined | SS Switching | 17 (61) | 24 (24) | 4.64 (1.84, 11.68) |
| Trails Inhibit | 22 (51) | 18 (21) | 4.00 (1.65, 9.69) | |
| ADHD Inattentive | SS Switching | 14 (50) | 11 (11) | 8.74 (3.07, 24.88) |
| Trails Inhibit | 15 (35) | 9 (11) | 5.27 (1.81, 15.37) | |
| GNG | 17 (33) | 11 (13) | 3.32 (1.34, 8.23) | |
| Enuresis | SS Switching | 11 (39) | 14 (14) | 4.35 (1.57, 12.06) |
| Trails Inhibit | 15 (35) | 10 (12) | 4.88 (1.69, 14.07) | |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Parent Form (BRIEF-parent): | ||||
| Behavior Regulation Index (BR) | SS Inhibit | 11 (27) | 6 (7) | 4.86 (1.58, 14.99) |
| Emotional Control (BR) | SS Inhibit | 7 (17) | 2 (2) | 11.38 (2.03, 63.68) |
| Working Memory (M) | SS Inhibit | 15 (37) | 10 (11) | 4.38 (1.68, 11.42) |
| SS Switching | 12 (40) | 13 (13) | 4.00 (1.49, 10.71) | |
| Trails Inhibit | 15 (33) | 9 (11) | 3.89 (1.39, 10.93) | |
| GNG | 20 (38) | 8 (9) | 5.37 (2.06, 14.00) | |
| Monitor (M) | SS Inhibit | 10 (24) | 7 (8) | 4.85 (1.53, 15.31) |
| GNG | 13 (25) | 7 (8) | 4.23 (1.44, 12.38) | |
| Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Teacher Form (BRIEF-teacher): | ||||
| Metacognition Index (M) | SS Switching | 11 (65) | 22 (26) | 4.77 (1.55, 14.63) |
| Trails Inhibit | 18 (55) | 14 (21) | 4.25 (1.62, 11.17) | |
| GNG | 22 (58) | 16 (23) | 3.97 (1.65, 9.59) | |
| Initiate (M) | SS Inhibit | 18 (62) | 21 (28) | 3.89 (1.54, 9.82) |
| SS Switching | 13 (72) | 25 (30) | 5.78 (1.83, 18.24) | |
| GNG | 26 (67) | 17 (25) | 5.60 (2.29, 13.68) | |
| Working Memory (M) | GNG | 25 (64) | 17 (25) | 4.63 (1.87, 11.46) |
| Organization of Materials (M) | SS Switching | 9 (50) | 12 (14) | 5.38 (1.72, 16.86) |
| CPT | 15 (37) | 8 (12) | 4.04 (1.47, 11.12) | |
Abbreviations: EPT/ELBW= extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight; OR (95% CI) = odds ratio (95% confidence interval) adjusting for sex, race, and socioeconomic status (SES); ADHD = attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SS = Shape School; GNG = Go No-Go condition, Test of Inhibition and Attention condition; CPT = Continuous Performance Test condition, Test of Inhibition and Attention; BR = BRIEF Behavior Regulation domain; M = BRIEF Metacogition domain.
Deficit is defined as score at <10th percentile for age on standardized tests or <10th percentile relative to performance of the term-born normal birth weight group for unstandardized tests.
The “deficit present” column lists the number of children with the given behavioral problem who had the specified executive function deficit out of the total number of children with that deficit, whereas the “deficit absent” column lists the number of children with a behavioral problem who did not have the specified executive function deficit out of the total number of children without that deficit. The odds ratio reflects the increase in the odds of EPT/ELBW children having a behavior problem given that the specified executive function deficit is present compared to when it is absent.