Table 1.
Baseline comparison of demographics and cardiovascular risk factors between “Never MetS”, “Always MetS”, “MetS new onset” and “MetS resolution” groups.
| Risk factors at baseline | Mean and SD and counts and percentages | Overall P value | Multiple comparisons | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never MetS (n = 121) | Always MetS (n = 52) | MetS resolution (n = 28) | New onset MetS (n = 33) | |||
| Age (years) | 66.2 ± 10.3 | 64.5 ± 8.3 | 65.3 ± 7.4 | 62.9 ± 7.7 | 0.295 | — |
| Sex (male) | 98 (81%) | 41 (79%) | 24 (86%) | 29 (88%) | 0.689 | — |
| Family history of CVD | 40 (33%) | 16 (31%) | 7 (25%) | 15 (45%) | 0.360 | — |
| Coronary artery bypass surgery | 45 (37%) | 20 (38%) | 8 (29%) | 10 (30%) | 0.723 | — |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angiogram | 47 (39%) | 14 (27%) | 12 (43%) | 13 (39%) | 0.401 | — |
| Diabetes | 8 (6%) | 20 (38%) | 9 (32%) | 7 (21%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| (0 ≠ 1,2, 3) | ||||||
| (3 ≠ 1,2) | ||||||
| Previous myocardial infarction | 62 (51%) | 24 (46%) | 12 (43%) | 23 (69%) | 0.121 | — |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.38 ± 0.89 | 4.66 ± 0.99 | 4.43 ± 0.73 | 4.48 ± 0.74 | 0.282 | — |
| LDL-C (mmol/ L) | 2.53 ± 0.73 | 2.59 ± 0.81 | 2.44 ± 0.58 | 2.68 ± 0.62 | 0.582 | — |
| HDL-C (mmol/ L) | 1.25 ± 0.31 | 0.99 ± 0.22 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 1.17 ± 0.28 | <0.001 | <0.001 (0 ≠ 1,2) |
| 0.024 (1 ≠ 3) | ||||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/ L) | 1.32 ± 0.66 | 2.37 ± 0.84 | 2.15 ± 1.11 | 1.38 ± 0.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 (0 ≠ 1,2) |
| <0.001 (3 ≠ 1,2) | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.32 ± 1.58 | 6.34 ± 1.41 | 5.99 ± 1.18 | 5.86 ± 1.30 | <0.001 | <0.001 (0 ≠ 1) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126 ± 22 | 134 ± 17 | 130 ± 27 | 120 ± 14 | 0.024 | 0.020 (1 ≠ 3) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71 ± 10 | 75 ± 10 | 72 ± 13 | 73 ± 10 | 0.154 | — |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 25.4 ± 2.9 | 30.4 ± 4.2 | 28.6 ± 3.9 | 27.6 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| (0 ≠ 1,2, 3) | ||||||
| <0.002 (1 ≠ 3) | ||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.7 ± 9.0 | 102.4 ± 11.5 | 99.8 ± 11.0 | 95.6 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| (0 ≠ 1,2, 3) | ||||||
| 0.013 (1 ≠ 3) | ||||||
| Exercise capacity (METS) | 10.8 ± 4.4 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 10.7 ± 2.3 | 0.109 | — |
| Leisure time physical activity (kcal/week) | 3029 ± 337 | 2837 ± 1708 | 3090 ± 558 | 3219 ± 226 | 0.894 | — |
| Perceived stress | 32 ± 8 | 31 ± 8 | 34 ± 9 | 32 ± 6 | 0.512 | — |
| Illness intrusiveness | 27 ± 11 | 33 ± 16 | 36 ± 19 | 28 ± 13 | 0.020 | 0.040 (0 ≠ 2) |
| Health-specific self-efficacy | 43 ± 4 | 42 ± 4 | 42 ± 6 | 41 ± 4 | 0.064 | — |
| Exercise self-efficacy | 67 ± 12 | 70 ± 10 | 63 ± 13 | 64 ± 12 | 0.080 | — |
CVD: cardiovascular disease, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
One-way ANOVA and Pearson's chi square for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Multiple comparisons were assessed with the Tukey correction. Multiple comparisons: 0: Never MetS, 1: Always MetS, 2: MetS resolution, 3: New onset MetS.
Note: 0 ≠ 1 means that Never MetS is significantly different with Always MetS group.