Table 1.
Types of alternative macroautophagic pathways.
| Alternative macroautophagic pathways | Macroautopagic molecules involved | Macroautopagic molecules not involved | Induction | Cell type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beclin 1-independent | Atg5 Atg7 Ulk1/2 LC3 |
Beclin 1 (Vps34) |
Resveratrol | MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) | [50] |
| Staurosporine Etoposide MK801 |
primary cortical neurons | [51] | |||
| H2O2 | RAW 264.7 (macrophage cells) | [52] | |||
| MPP+ | SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma cells) | [53] | |||
| primary dopaminergic neurons | |||||
| As2O3 | ovarian cells | [55] | |||
|
| |||||
| Atg5/Atg7-independent | Beclin 1 Vps34 Ulk1 Fip200 |
Atg5 Atg7 Atg9 Atg12 Atg16 LC3 |
Etoposide Staurosporine Starvation |
Atg5-/- MEF Atg7-/- MEF wt MEF |
[49] |
|
| |||||
| Degradation of peptidase-resistant peptides | LC3 (but not essential) | Atg5 WIPI-1 p62 Tsg101 Vps24 |
Resistance against cytoplasmic peptidases | HeLa Atg5-/- MEF wt MEF |
[43] |