Table 2.
Venom (Avid #) | Geographical location | Procoagulant activity | Anticoagulant activity | Total protein (ng) | ACT (min)a | Clot rate (U)b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD (n = 6) | P value | Mean ± SD (n = 6) | P value | |||||
VIPERIDAE | ||||||||
Bothrops asper | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | + | − | 10 | 2.18 ± 0.26 | 6.31 × 10−6 | 5.73 ± 0.82 | 2.80 × 10−4 |
B. moojeni | Brownsville Zoo, Texas | + | − | 10 | 4.47 ± 0.27 | 4.67 × 10−5 | 6.41 ± 0.94 | 8.08 × 10−5 |
Crotalus adamanteus | ||||||||
010-310-261 | Florida | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.85 ± 1.83 | 0.27 | 3.09 ± 1.04 | 0.86 |
011-307-892 | Florida | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.20 ± 1.91 | 0.24 | 3.25 ± 0.89 | 0.62 |
011-544-127 | Florida | N/A | N/A | 10 | 8.10 ± 1.32 | 0.68 | 3.70 ± 0.63 | 0.15 |
011-544-607 | Lady Co., Florida | N/A | N/A | 10 | 8.27 ± 0.90 | 0.70 | 3.32 ± 1.26 | 0.62 |
C. atrox | ||||||||
001-098-257 | LaSalle & Dimmit Co., Texas | − | + | 10 | 13.92 ± 2.33 | 2.05 × 10−3 | 0.23 ± 0.23 | 5.32 × 10−4 |
010-359-784 | Kleberg, Texas | − | + | 10 | 12.98 ± 2.47 | 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.21 | 8.53 × 10−4 |
010-525-522 | Reagan Co., Texas | − | + | 10 | 15.05 ± 2.95 | 1.67 × 10−3 | 0.47 ± 0.28 | 7.51 × 10−4 |
C. horridus | ||||||||
010-327-277 | Garvin Co., Oklahoma | N/A | N/A | 10 | 8.46 ± 2.00 | 0.25 | 3.09 ± 0.77 | 0.83 |
010-519-540 | Payne Co., Oklahoma | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.35 ± 1.33 | 0.75 | 2.17 ±0.19 | 0.08 |
010-595-578 | Payne Co., Oklahoma | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.62 ± 1.65 | 0.23 | 2.53 ± 0.57 | 0.33 |
010-782-102 | Payne Co., Oklahoma | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.77 ± 1.15 | 0.78 | 2.61 ± 0.65 | 0.43 |
010-825-782 | Jackson Co., Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.72 ± 0.79 | 0.06 | 2.75 ± 0.68 | 0.62 |
C. o. helleri | ||||||||
010-328-029 | California | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.22 ± 1.15 | 0.58 | 3.38 ± 0.60 | 0.40 |
010-367-284 | California | N/A | N/A | 10 | 8.88 ± 0.99 | 0.27 | 3.42 ± 0.83 | 0.42 |
011-084-009 | California | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.70 ± 1.35 | 0.87 | 3.61 ± 0.83 | 0.25 |
011-085-061 | California | N/A | N/A | 10 | 9.08 ± 1.24 | 0.47 | 3.31 ±0.85 | 0.54 |
058-359-257 | Wrightwood, California | + | − | 10 | 3.73 ± 0.67 | 5.19 × 10−7 | 8.56 ± 1.13 | 2.91 × 10−6 |
D. r. siamensis | QSMI, Thailand | + | − | 10 | 2.67 ± 0.23 | 1.11 × 10−5 | 8.85 ± 1.26 | 3.38 × 10−6 |
ELAPIDAE | ||||||||
Naja melanoleuca | ||||||||
455A475765 | Captive Born (Houston Zoo), Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 11.13 ± 1.52 | 0.07 | 2.90 ± 0.48 | 0.85 |
455A1E2864 | Captive Born (Houston Zoo), Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.07 ± 2.04 | 0.62 | 3.10 ± 0.80 | 0.83 |
N. pallida | ||||||||
010-855-773 | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.67 ± 1.09 | 0.11 | 1.26 ± 1.24 | 0.02 |
010-888-116 | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | − | + | 10 | 12.52 ± 2.60 | 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.87 | 3.42 × 10−3 |
011-066-526 | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.78 ± 1.26 | 0.11 | 1.32 ± 0.75 | 0.01 |
011-262-868 | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.65 ± 0.77 | 0.08 | 2.44 ± 1.09 | 0.37 |
011-520-802 | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | − | + | 10 | 11.33 ± 1.16 | 0.02 | 1.79 ± 0.75 | 0.03 |
011-550-034 | San Antonio Zoo, Texas | N/A | N/A | 10 | 10.52 ± 1.85 | 0.31 | 1.03 ± 0.43 | 8.48 × 10−4 |
Purified RVV-X | − | + | − | 1 | 2.57 ± 0.19 | 1.22 × 10−5 | 10.51 ± 1.69 | 2.40 × 10−6 |
Negative control | − | N/A | N/A | − | 9.58 ±1.08 | − | 2.99 ± 0.92 | − |
Positive control | − | + | − | − | 4.08 ± 0.63 | 4.62 × 10−6 | 8.81 ± 2.06 | 8.67 × 10−5 |
Plasma control | − | −c | −c | − | −c | − | −c | − |
Bold letter indicates the significant shortening of the ACT by snake venoms when compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.
Italic letter indicates the significant prolonging of the ACT by snake venoms compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.
Grey-shaded letter indicates the significant increase in the clot rate by snake venoms compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.
Underlined letter indicates the significant reduction of the clot rate by snake venoms compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.
A “+” represents detectable activity.
A “−” indicates the absence of detectable activity.
N/A indicates no significant activity.
The time that plasma remains a liquid is reported as the ACT in minute.
The clot rate is defined as the rate of fibrin polymerization, which is the slope in the linear part of the curves in Fig. 2 and is defined as the change clot signal with change in time (U = Δ signal/Δ time).
Pooled normal citrated plasma did not form clot.