Table 2.

The ACT and clot rate of 28 snake venoms and purified RVV-X using the Sonoclot analyzer. Data was downloaded from Signature Viewer; software provided by Sienco, Inc. on an iMAC computer and analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2003.

Venom (Avid #)	Geographical location	Procoagulant activity	Anticoagulant activity	Total protein (ng)	ACT (min)a		Clot rate (U)b
					Mean ± SD (n = 6)	P value	Mean ± SD (n = 6)	P value
VIPERIDAE
Bothrops asper	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	+	−	10	2.18 ± 0.26	6.31 × 10−6	5.73 ± 0.82	2.80 × 10−4
B. moojeni	Brownsville Zoo, Texas	+	−	10	4.47 ± 0.27	4.67 × 10−5	6.41 ± 0.94	8.08 × 10−5
Crotalus adamanteus
010-310-261	Florida	N/A	N/A	10	9.85 ± 1.83	0.27	3.09 ± 1.04	0.86
011-307-892	Florida	N/A	N/A	10	9.20 ± 1.91	0.24	3.25 ± 0.89	0.62
011-544-127	Florida	N/A	N/A	10	8.10 ± 1.32	0.68	3.70 ± 0.63	0.15
011-544-607	Lady Co., Florida	N/A	N/A	10	8.27 ± 0.90	0.70	3.32 ± 1.26	0.62
C. atrox
001-098-257	LaSalle & Dimmit Co., Texas	−	+	10	13.92 ± 2.33	2.05 × 10−3	0.23 ± 0.23	5.32 × 10−4
010-359-784	Kleberg, Texas	−	+	10	12.98 ± 2.47	0.01	0.45 ± 0.21	8.53 × 10−4
010-525-522	Reagan Co., Texas	−	+	10	15.05 ± 2.95	1.67 × 10−3	0.47 ± 0.28	7.51 × 10−4
C. horridus
010-327-277	Garvin Co., Oklahoma	N/A	N/A	10	8.46 ± 2.00	0.25	3.09 ± 0.77	0.83
010-519-540	Payne Co., Oklahoma	N/A	N/A	10	9.35 ± 1.33	0.75	2.17 ±0.19	0.08
010-595-578	Payne Co., Oklahoma	N/A	N/A	10	10.62 ± 1.65	0.23	2.53 ± 0.57	0.33
010-782-102	Payne Co., Oklahoma	N/A	N/A	10	9.77 ± 1.15	0.78	2.61 ± 0.65	0.43
010-825-782	Jackson Co., Texas	N/A	N/A	10	10.72 ± 0.79	0.06	2.75 ± 0.68	0.62
C. o. helleri
010-328-029	California	N/A	N/A	10	9.22 ± 1.15	0.58	3.38 ± 0.60	0.40
010-367-284	California	N/A	N/A	10	8.88 ± 0.99	0.27	3.42 ± 0.83	0.42
011-084-009	California	N/A	N/A	10	9.70 ± 1.35	0.87	3.61 ± 0.83	0.25
011-085-061	California	N/A	N/A	10	9.08 ± 1.24	0.47	3.31 ±0.85	0.54
058-359-257	Wrightwood, California	+	−	10	3.73 ± 0.67	5.19 × 10−7	8.56 ± 1.13	2.91 × 10−6
D. r. siamensis	QSMI, Thailand	+	−	10	2.67 ± 0.23	1.11 × 10−5	8.85 ± 1.26	3.38 × 10−6
ELAPIDAE
Naja melanoleuca
455A475765	Captive Born (Houston Zoo), Texas	N/A	N/A	10	11.13 ± 1.52	0.07	2.90 ± 0.48	0.85
455A1E2864	Captive Born (Houston Zoo), Texas	N/A	N/A	10	10.07 ± 2.04	0.62	3.10 ± 0.80	0.83
N. pallida
010-855-773	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	N/A	N/A	10	10.67 ± 1.09	0.11	1.26 ± 1.24	0.02
010-888-116	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	−	+	10	12.52 ± 2.60	0.03	1.01 ± 0.87	3.42 × 10−3
011-066-526	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	N/A	N/A	10	10.78 ± 1.26	0.11	1.32 ± 0.75	0.01
011-262-868	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	N/A	N/A	10	10.65 ± 0.77	0.08	2.44 ± 1.09	0.37
011-520-802	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	−	+	10	11.33 ± 1.16	0.02	1.79 ± 0.75	0.03
011-550-034	San Antonio Zoo, Texas	N/A	N/A	10	10.52 ± 1.85	0.31	1.03 ± 0.43	8.48 × 10−4
Purified RVV-X	−	+	−	1	2.57 ± 0.19	1.22 × 10−5	10.51 ± 1.69	2.40 × 10−6
Negative control	−	N/A	N/A	−	9.58 ±1.08	−	2.99 ± 0.92	−
Positive control	−	+	−	−	4.08 ± 0.63	4.62 × 10−6	8.81 ± 2.06	8.67 × 10−5
Plasma control	−	−c	−c	−	−c	−	−c	−

Bold letter indicates the significant shortening of the ACT by snake venoms when compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.

Italic letter indicates the significant prolonging of the ACT by snake venoms compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.

Grey-shaded letter indicates the significant increase in the clot rate by snake venoms compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.

Underlined letter indicates the significant reduction of the clot rate by snake venoms compared with the negative control at P < 0.05.

A “+” represents detectable activity.

A “−” indicates the absence of detectable activity.

N/A indicates no significant activity.

^aThe time that plasma remains a liquid is reported as the ACT in minute.

^bThe clot rate is defined as the rate of fibrin polymerization, which is the slope in the linear part of the curves in Fig. 2 and is defined as the change clot signal with change in time (U = Δ signal/Δ time).

^cPooled normal citrated plasma did not form clot.