Skip to main content
. 2012 Mar 15;4:10. doi: 10.1186/1758-2555-4-10

Table 2.

Summary of studies investigating sex differences in knee flexion angles and moments during a vertical landing task

References Population Landing Task Result†
Category Mean Age (years) Double-Leg vs. Single Leg Height (cm) at IC peak RoM
Knee Flexion Angle
 Ford et al. [26] Adolescent 12-16 (range) Double 31 0 + ---
 Walsh et al. [44] Adult-Athlete 19.5 Double 30.5 0 0 ---
 Salci et al. [40] Adult-Athlete 21.4 Double 40 & 60 --- - (40)
0 (60)		 ---
 Hughes & Watkins [29] Adult-Athlete 21.4 Double not specified‡ - 0 +
 Hughes et al. [31] Adult-Athlete 21.4 Double not specified‡ 0 + +
 Russell et al. [39] Adolescent & Adult 9.5 (youth)
23.9 (adult)		 Double 50% of maximum vertical jump height 0 --- ---
 Cortes et al. [21] Adult 23.8 Double 30 0 0 ---
 Chaudhari et al. [9] Adult 19.9 Double 30.48 0 --- ---
 Earl et al. [23] Adult 22.8 Double 31 --- 0 ---
 Huston et al. [8] Adult 28.0 Double 20, 40 & 60 0 (20)
- (40 & 60)		 0 0
 Shultz et al. [12] Adult 22.4 Double 45 0 --- +
 Gehring et al. [27] Adult 23.8 Double 52 0 + ---
 Decker et al. [22] Adult 27.5 Double 60 - --- -
 Kernozek et al. [32] Adult 24.1 Double 60 0 0 0
 Pappas et al. [37] Adult 28.5 Double & Single 40 0 0 ---
 Kiriyama et al. [33] Adolescent 17.0 Single 20 --- 0 ---
 Lephart et al. [34] Adult-Athlete 20.3 Single 20 --- - ---
 Fagenbaum & Darling [24] Adult-Athlete not specified Single 25.4 & 50.8 + + ---
 Nagano et al. [35] Adult-Athlete 19.6 Single 30 0 0a ---
 Orishimo et al. [36] Adult-Athlete 26.3 Single 30 0 0 0
 Urabe et al. [42] Adult-Athlete 22.1 Single maximum vertical jump height 0 --- ---
 Schmitz et al. [41] Adult 23.2 Single 30 0 --- -
 Kernozek et al. [10] Adult 23.4 Single 50 --- 0 ---
 TOTAL* % (-/+/0) 20/5/75 11/22/67 25/38/38
Knee Flexion Moment
 Ford et al. [26] Adolescent 12-16 (range) Double 31 --- 0 ---
 Salci et al. [40] Adult-Athlete 21.4 Double 40 & 60 --- 0 (40)
+ (60)		 ---
 Chaudhari et al. [9] Adult 19.9 Double 30.48 --- 0 ---
 Shultz et al. [12] Adult 22.4 Double 45 --- + ---
 Decker et al. [22] Adult 27.5 Double 60 --- 0 ---
 Kernozek et al. [32] Adult 24.1 Double 60 --- 0 ---
 Orishimo et al. [36] Adult-Athlete 26.3 Single 30 0 0 ---
 Kernozek et al. [10] Adult 23.4 Single 50 --- 0 ---
 TOTAL* % (-/+/0) 0/0/100 0/22/78 ---

† +: greater value in female subjects; -: smaller value in female subjects; 0: no differences between sexes; ---: not investigated

‡ Landing from a jump to block a volleyball in the presence of a net of standard, sex-specific height

a knee flexion angle at peak vertical ground reaction force

* Percentage of studies having found lower (-), greater (+), and similar (0) values in female subjects in comparison with male subjects

IC: initial ground contact; RoM: range of motion