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. 2012 Mar 15;4:10. doi: 10.1186/1758-2555-4-10

Table 4.

Summary of studies investigating sex differences in knee abduction angles and moments during a vertical landing task

References Population Landing Task Result†
Category Mean Age (years) Double-Leg vs. Single Leg Height (cm) at IC peak RoM
Knee Abduction Angle
 Schmitz et al. [11] Adolescent 14.1 Double 30 --- --- +a
 Ford et al. [25] Adolescent 16.0 Double 31 0 + ---
 Ford et al. [13] Adolescent 12-16 Double 31 --- +b ---
 Hewett et al. [28] Adolescent 14.1 Double 31 + + ---
 Walsh et al. [44] Adult-Athlete 19.5 Double 30.5 + + ---
 Hughes et al. [30] Adult-Athlete 21.4 Double not specified‡ 0 + +
 Hughes et al. [31] Adult-Athlete 21.4 Double not specified‡ 0 + +
 Wallace et al. [43] Adult-Athlete 21.6 Double maximum vertical jump height --- 0 ---
 Cortes et al. [21] Adult 23.8 Double 30 0 0c ---
 Earl et al. [23] Adult 22.8 Double 31 --- + ---
 Gehring et al. [27] Adult 23.8 Double 52 + + ---
 Kernozek et al. [32] Adult 24.1 Double 60 0 + +
 Pappas et al. [37] Adult 28.5 Double & Single 40 --- +d ---
 Kiriyama et al. [33] Adolescent 17.0 Single 20 --- 0 ---
 Nagano et al. [35] Adult-Athlete 19.6 Single 30 0 0e ---
 Orishimo et al. [36] Adult-Athlete 26.3 Single 30 0 0c 0
 Kernozek et al. [10] Adult 23.4 Single 50 --- + ---
 Russell et al. [38] Adult 22.5 Single 60 + +c ---
 TOTAL* % (-/+/0) 0/36/64 0/71/29 0/80/20
Knee Abduction Moment
 Ford et al. [13] Adolescent 12-16 Double 31 --- +b ---
 Sigward et al. [14] Adolescent 14.7 Double 36 --- +f ---
 Chaudhari et al. [9] Adult 19.9 Double 30.48 --- 0 ---
 Kernozek et al. [32] Adult 24.1 Double 60 --- - ---
 Orishimo et al. [36] Adult-Athlete 26.3 Single 30 0 0 ---
 Kernozek et al. [10] Adult 23.4 Single 50 --- 0 ---
 TOTAL* % (-/+/0) 0/0/100 17/33/50 ---

† +: greater value in female subjects; -: smaller value in female subjects; 0: no differences between sexes; ---: not investigated

‡ Landing from a jump to block a volleyball in the presence of a net of standard, sex-specific height

a frontal-plane angle in two dimensions

b in post-pubertal group only (and not pre-pubertal group)

c knee abduction angle at peak knee flexion angle

d knee abduction angle at 40° knee flexion angle

e knee abduction angle at peak vertical ground reaction force

f average knee abduction moment

* Percentage of studies having found lower (-), greater (+), and similar (0) values in female subjects in comparison with male subjects

IC: initial ground contact; RoM: range of motion