Table 4.
Relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for the association between intake of quartile or quintile of high-acrylamide foods and risk of prostate cancer
| Cumulative average intake
|
P- Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantile of high-acrylamide foods | ||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| ALL POTATOES1 | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/d) | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
| N cases | 983 | 1084 | 1044 | 1063 | 851 | |
| MV adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.25 |
| BAKED GOODS2 | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/d) | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 4.5 | |
| N cases | 888 | 1035 | 1059 | 1033 | 1010 | |
| MV adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.77 |
| POTATO CHIPS (quartiles) | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/wk) | 0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2.4 | ||
| N cases | 1338 | 1712 | 828 | 1147 | ||
| MV adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.18 | |
| ENGLISH MUFFINS, ROLLS, BAGELS (quartiles) | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/wk) | 0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 3.0 | ||
| N cases | 1309 | 1186 | 1346 | 1184 | ||
| MV adjusted RR | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.75 | |
| FRENCH FRIES (quartiles) | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/wk) | 0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 | ||
| N cases | 1389 | 1255 | 1587 | 794 | ||
| MV adjusted RR (all cases) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) | 0.005 | |
| MV RR for lethal cancer* (n=642) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.83–1.34) | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.89 | |
| MV RR for advanced cancer* (n=896) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 0.90 | |
| MV RR for localized cancer* (n=3221) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.006 | |
| Among men with PSA testing* (n=2077) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.92–1.18) | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.06 | |
| CEREAL (quartiles) | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/d) | 0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | ||
| N cases | 1103 | 1196 | 1366 | 1360 | ||
| MV adjusted RR (all cases) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 0.004 | |
| MV RR for lethal cancer* (n=642) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.78–1.26) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 0.96 (0.77–1.21) | 0.72 | |
| MV RR for advanced cancer* (n=896) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.79–1.18) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.81 | |
| MV RR for localized cancer* (n=3221) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 1.14 (1.03–1.27) | 1.14 (1.03–1.28) | 0.008 | |
| Among men with PSA testing* (n=2077) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 0.10 | |
| COFFEE | ||||||
| Median intake (serv/d) | 0 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 4.5 | |
| N cases | 892 | 1036 | 1260 | 926 | 911 | |
| MV adjusted RR (all cases) | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 0.89 (0.81–0.99) | 0.05 |
| MV RR for lethal cancer* (n=642) | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.59–0.97) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.70 (0.53–0.91) | 0.73 (0.56–0.96) | 0.07 |
| MV RR for advanced cancer* (n=896) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) | 0.74 (0.58–0.93) | 0.02 |
| MV RR for localized cancer* (n=3221) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.98 (0.87–1.09) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.70 |
| Among men with PSA testing* (n=2077) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 0.26 |
Multivariable model adjusted for: age, calendar time, race, height (quartiles), BMI at age 21 (4 categories), current BMI (6 categories), vigorous physical activity (quintiles), smoking (never, former quit >10 yrs ago, former quit <10 yrs ago, current), diabetes, family history of prostate cancer, multivitamin use, intakes of red meat, tomato sauce, calcium, alpha linolenic acid, supplemental vitamin E, and alcohol intake (all quintiles), energy intake (continuous), and history of PSA testing.
Models for specific case types and among men with PSA tests in the previous period to investigate possible detection bias, see text for details. Lethal cases: prostate cancer death or bone metastases; Advanced: Lethal, or Stage T3b or T4, or N1 or M1; Localized: T1 or T2, and N0, M0.
All potatoes: sum of potato chips, French fries, and baked/mashed/boiled potatoes.
Baked goods: sum of bread, English muffins/rolls/bagels, muffins, pancakes, cookies, brownies, donuts, cake, pie, and sweet rolls.