. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 6.

Published in final edited form as: J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009 Aug;20(3):896–913. doi: 10.1353/hpu.0.0185

Table 2.

IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDE MEASURES: ALL TEST TAKERS, MD, OTHERS WITH DOCTORAL DEGREE

Race Implicit Association Test (IAT)	Effect size^c				Explicit (self report)	Effect size^c

	N	Mean^a,^b	Standard	Cohen’s D^b		N	Mean^a,^b	Standard	Cohen’s D^b
All test takers	344,469	0.35	0.42	0.81	All test takers	404,277	0.24	0.61	0.33
MD (medical doctor)	2,535	0.39	0.47	0.89	MD	2,493	0.28	0.82	0.40
JD (lawyer)	6,144	0.32	0.43	0.68	JD	6,070	0.19	0.66	0.25
PhD (doctorate)	7,952	0.32	0.45	0.70	PhD	7,838	0.23	0.67	0.32

Implicit and explicit measures range from −2 to +2, with zero indicating no bias

A positive mean indicates some degree of automatic preference for white Americans, a negative mean indicates some degree of automatic preference for black Americans

Effect size: Cohen’s D is a standardized effect size, comparing the mean to M=0 (no bias), interpreted as; D of 0.2 = small effect, D of 0.5 = medium effect, and D of 0.8 = large effect