. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 6.

Published in final edited form as: J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009 Aug;20(3):896–913. doi: 10.1353/hpu.0.0185

Table 3.

IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDE MEASURES BY MD RACE/ETHNICITY

Race Implicit Association Test (IAT)	Effect size^c				Explicit (self report)	Effect size^c

MD race/ethnicity	N	Mean^a	Standard	Cohen’s D^b	MD race/ethnicity	N	Mean^a,^b	Standard	Cohen’s D^b
White	1682	0.44	0.42	1.05	White	1915	0.42	0.61	0.69
African American	206	0.05	0.47	0.11	African American	244	− 0.75	0.82	0.91
Asian	288	0.40	0.43	0.93	Asian	346	0.34	0.66	0.52
Hispanic	115	0.40	0.45	0.89	Hispanic	131	0.22	0.67	0.33

Implicit and explicit measures range from −2 to +2, with zero indicating no bias

A positive mean indicates some degree of automatic preference for white Americans, a negative mean indicates some degree of automatic preference for Black Americans

Effect size: Cohen’s D is a standardized effect size, comparing the means to M = 0 (no bias), interpreted as; D of 0.2 = small effect, D of 0.5 = medium effect, and D of 0.8 = large effect

MD = medical doctor