. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 6.

Published in final edited form as: J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009 Aug;20(3):896–913. doi: 10.1353/hpu.0.0185

Table 4.

MD IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDE MEASURES BY GENDER: ALL TEST TAKERS AND MD TEST TAKERS BY RACE/ETHNICITY

Race Implicit Association Test (IAT)					Explicit (self report)
	N	Mean^a	Standard^b	Cohen’s D^c		N	Mean^a	Standard^b	Cohen’s D^c
All test takers					All test takers
Male	148,425	0.39	0.43	0.91	Male	177,598	0.34	0.75	0.45
Female	196,044	0.32	0.43	0.74	Female	226,679	0.16	0.71	0.23
MD test takers					MD test takers
Male	1,566	0.45	0.43	1.05	Male	1,822	0.37	0.70	0.56
Female	955	0.30	0.45	0.67	Female	1,078	0.14	0.72	0.19

MD (medical doctor) race/ethnicity					MD race/ethnicity

White					White
Male	1,076	0.49	0.42	1.17	Male	1,251	0.48	0.62	0.77
Female	596	0.35	0.42	0.83	Female	645	0.30	0.56	0.53
African American					African American
Male	100	0.12	0.50	0.24	Male	116	0.63	0.85	0.42
Female	106	0.00	0.43	0	Female	128	−0.87	0.77	1.13
Asian					Asian
Male	184	0.44	0.40	1.10	Male	220	0.36	0.67	0.55
Female	104	0.33	0.43	0.70	Female	184	0.30	0.62	0.48
Hispanic					Hispanic
Male	64	0.42	0.45	0.93	Male	72	0.39	0.66	0.59
Female	49	0.37	0.46	0.80	Female	57	0.02	0.58	0.03

Implicit and explicit measures range from −2 to +2, with zero indicating no bias

A positive mean indicates some degree of preference for white Americans, a negative mean indicates preference for Black Americans

Effect size: Cohen’s D is a standardized effect size, comparing the means to M = 0 (no bias), interpreted as; D of 0.2 = small effect, D of 0.5 = medium effect, and D of 0.8 = large effect