| Animals |
|
|
|
|
| Male C57BL/6J mice, 24 mo |
10 (C)
10 (E) |
C: 30 mg/kg diet
E: 500 mg/kg diet as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate for 6 wk |
-Increase DTH response -Increase lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A, and LPS -Decrease PGE2 production -Increase Con A-stimulated IL-2 activity |
Meydani et al. 1986 [37] |
| Male Fisher rats, 12 wk |
5 (C)
5 (E) |
C: 50 mg/kg diet
E: 585 mg/kg diet as dl-α-tocopheryl nicotinate for 12 mo |
-Increase lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A, and PHA -Increase Con A-stimulated IL-2 activity measured by proliferation of IL-2 dependent CTLL-2 cells |
Sakai and Moriguchi, 1997 [67] |
| Male C57BL/6 mice, 4 mo and 24 mo |
Young
4 (C), 4 (E)
Old
4 (C), 4 (E) |
C: 30 mg/kg diet
E: 500 mg/kg diet as dl-α-tocopherol acetate for 4 wk |
-Increase IL-2 gene expression in young and old T cells -Decrease IL-4 gene expression in old T cells -Increase cell cycle-related gene Ccnb2, Cdc2, and Cdc6 in old T cells |
Han et al. 2006 [249] |
| Male C57BL/6 mice, 22–26 mo |
5 (C)
5 (E) |
C: 30 mg/kg diet
E: 500 mg/kg diets as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate for 8 wk |
|
Marko et al. 2007 [31] |
| Male C57BL/6 mice, 23 mo |
11–13 (C)
11–13 (TE) |
C: 107 mg/kg diet as dl-α-tocopherol
TE: 107 mg/kg diets as dl-α-tocopherol + 393 mg/kg as tocotrienols for 6 wk |
-Increase lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A, PHA, anti-CD3, or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (anti-CD3/CD28) -Increase LPS-induced IL-1β in splenocytes and LPS-induced IL-6 in MΦ -No effect on IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 in splenocytes in response to either Con A or anti-CD3/CD28 |
Ren et al. 2010 [250] |
| Humans |
|
|
|
|
| Healthy elderly, ≥60 y |
14 (P)
18 (E) |
P: soybean oil provided as capsule
E: 800 mg/d as dl-α-tocopherol acetate in soybean oil provided as capsule for 30 d |
Compared to basal value (before supplementation),
|
Meydani et al. 1990 [38] |
| Free living healthy elderly, ≥65 y |
19 (P)
20/20/19 (E) |
P: capsule containing soybean oil
E: 60, 200, or 800 mg/d as dl-α-tocopherol in soybean oil provided as capsule for 235 d |
Compared to basal value (before supplementation),
-Increase DTH with 60, 200, 800 mg/d, Increase Ab titer to hepatitis B with 200, 800 mg/d, Increase Ab titer to tetanus toxoid with 200 mg/d -No effect on serum Ig level (IgA, IgM, IgG), lymphocyte subsets (T cells, B cells, CD4+, CD8+), Ab production to diphtheria vaccine, ability of neutropils to kill C. albicans -No additional effect on IgG Ab against pneumococcal vaccine
|
Meydani et al. 1997 [66] |
| Free living elderly, 65–80 y |
50 (P)
54/53 (E) |
P: soybean oil provided as capsule
E: 50 or 100 mg/d as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate in soybean oil provided as capsule for 6 mo |
-Increase DTH response in all groups including two vitamin E supplementation group compared to their own baseline -A trend towards an increased DTH in 100 mg vitamin E/d group compared to placebo (p=0.06) -A trend towards a greater increase in cumulative DTH score (p=0.07) and the number of positive DTH response (p=0.08) in 100 mg vitamin E/d group with a low baseline DTH reaction -Increase IL-2, IL-4 and decrease IFN-γ in response to PHA compared to their own basal values -A trend towards an increase in IFN-γ in 50 mg/d groups (p=0.07) compared to those in placebo |
Pallast et al. 1999 [68] |
| Healthy adults, 25–35 y |
26 (E) |
400 mg/d as dl-α-tocopherol provided as capsule for 28 d |
-Decrease PMA-stimulated hydrogen peroxide production -Increase PHA or LPS-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation -Increase % T cells and CD4+ T cells, but no change in % CD8+, NK cells, CD25+ cells -Decrease urinary 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde |
Lee and Wan, 2000 [251] |
| Healthy elderly, mean age 70.4 y |
33 (E) |
200 mg/d as dl-α-tocopherol for 3 mo |
-Increase PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, Con A-stimulated IL-2 production, NK cell activity -Increase neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis |
De la Fuente et al. 2008 [69] |
| Nursing home residents, >65 y |
63 (P)
47 (E) |
P: multivitamin and mineral (50% of RDA) provided as capsule
E: 200 IU/d as dl-α-tocopherol + multivitamin and mineral (50% of RDA) provided as capsule for 1 y |
-A significant interaction between vitamin E treatment and baseline cytokine production for follow-up production of IFN-γ (both Con A and PHA elicitation), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (LPS elicitation); a significant decrease cytokine production in subjects with low basal levels of cytokine production while a significant increase cytokine production in subjects with high basal levels of cytokine production -Subjects with the A/A and A/G genotype at TNF-α-308G>A who were treated with vitamin E had lower TNF-α production than those with the A allele treated with placebo -TNF-α-308G>A had a significant effect on TNF-α production at baseline in whole blood elicited with LPS |
Belisle et al. 2008 [82]
Belisle et al. 2009 [83] |
| Healthy adults, 20–50 y |
17 (P)
15 (E)
16 (E+TE) |
P: placebo tablet
E: 200 mg/d as dl-α-tocopherol or 200 mg/d (70% tocotrienol +30% tocopherol) for 56 d |
-Plasma vitamin E concentration, 8 μg/ml at basal and 18 μg/ml after vitamin E supplementation -No change in lymphocyte phenotype (% CD4+, CD8+, B, NK cells) -No effect on IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ production in response to Con A |
Radhakrishnan et al. 2009 [252] |
| Healthy women, 18–25 y |
108 into (P) or (TE) |
P: soy oil provided as capsule
TE: 400 mg/d as tocotrienol + 183.2 mg/d as dl-α-tocopherol for 56d |
-After tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination, increase plasma anti-TT IgG in both placebo and TE, but more significant increase in TE group -Increase Con A-stimulated IFN-γ production in both placebo and TE group, but more significant increase in TE group -Increase TT-stimulated IFN-γ production in TE group -Increase Con A-induced IL-4 in both groups and no difference between P and TE -Increase TT-stimulated IL-4 in TE -Decrease LPS-stimulated IL-6 in TE |
Mahalingam et al. 2011 [253] |
