Amelioration of motor deficit by intranasal high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery in the postischemic brain. (a) HMGB1 siRNA (2 µg)/e-PAM-R complex (weight ration 1:5) was administered intranasally at 3 hours prior to or 1 hour post-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and neurological deficits were evaluated using modified neurological severity scores at 2 days post-MCAO. (b) The rota-rod test was performed at 5, 10 and 15 rpm at 2 days post-MCAO. Sham, sham-operated group; MCAO, saline-treated MCAO group; MCAO+pre 3 hours, intranasal HMGB1 siRNA-administered (3 hours prior to) MCAO group; MCAO+post 1 hour, intranasal HMGB1 siRNA-administered (1 hour after) MCAO group. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 8–12) **P < 0.01.