Figure 3.

Astrocytes upregulate NRF2 pathway with CDDO^TFEA treatment. (a) mRNA expression of NFE2L2 and GCLC were examined by quantitative real-time PCR, normalised to GAPDH. Cell types examined included enriched human neuron and astrocyte cultures, and human astrocyte cultures treated with CDDO^TFEA (250 nM) for 6 h. ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 paired t-test (n=3). (b) GCL enzyme activity was examined in enriched human astrocyte cultures treated with CDDO^TFEA (250 nM) for 6 h. ^*P<0.05 paired t-test (n=3). (c) Enriched human astrocytes were treated with CDDO^TFEA (250 nM), BSO (200 μM), and CDDO^TFEA + BSO for 6 h and 24 h, and intracellular GSH quantified by the MCB assay. ^*P<0.05 ANOVA, Newman–Keuls post-test (n=3)