Representative ontogenetic stages of elephants. Lateral view of specimens (left) and three-dimensional reconstruction of computerized tomography (CT) scans of skeleton (right) in (a) a 99 day-old specimen (age reconstructed from CRL as described in the text and Hildebrandt et al. [15]), PMLER 1, CRL = 34.7 mm; (b) a 118 day-old specimen, PMLER 2, CRL = 59.3 mm; and (c) a 176 day-old specimen, PMLER 8, CRL = 171.4 mm. (d) Close-up of the pelvic girdle showing a fourth ossification centre. cd, caudal vertebrae; cv, cervical vertebrae; f, femur; fb, fibula; h, humerus; il, ilium; is, ischium; lb, lumbar vertebrae; mc, metacarpals; mp, manual phalanges; mt, metatarsals; p, pubis; pp, post-pubic bones; r, ribs; rd, radius; sa, sacral vertebrae; sc, scapula; t, tibia; th, thoracic vertebrae; u, ulna. Scale bars, 1 cm.