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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Jan 30;26(4):607–616. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.011

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Male pups from MIA mothers emit altered number and quality of USVs in the isolation test. Pups were isolated from the nest and tested individually for USVs every other day from day 6 to day 14. Compared to control pups, the MIA pups emit fewer vocalizations (A), call for a shorter duration of time (B). 10 day-old pups from MIA mothers also produce significantly more short and complex syllables and fewer harmonic syllables than controls (C) Significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.005. USV classification: FS, frequency step; HM, harmonic; CV, chevron; CX, complex; FT, flat; UP, upward; DN, downward; ST, short; RC, reversed chevron.