Table I.

Bivariate Association Between Other Independent Variables and Gender

Covariate		Women (n = 8,702)	Men (n = 10,055)	OR (95% CI)	p value
Patient characteristics
Age (years)		68 (54 – 75)*	65 (52 – 76)*	--	0.0001
Dependent functional status at admission†		44%	36%	1.39 (1.31 – 1.48)	<0.0001
Race / Ethnicity
Caucasian		74%	75%	0.94 (0.88 – 1.01)	0.08
African-American		14%	12%	1.18 (1.09 – 1.29)	0.0001
Latin/ Hispanic		5%	6%	0.87 (0.77 – 0.99)	0.04
Asian or Pacific Islander		1%	1%	0.93 (0.72 – 1.20)	0.55
American Indian		< 1%	< 1%	0.65 (0.39 – 1.08)	0.08
Other or unknown		5%	5%	1.02 (0.89 – 1.17)	0.79
Admitted from health care facility‡		53%	52%	1.03 (1.00 – 1.06)	0.06
Previous ICU admission this hospitalization		4.3%	4.7%	0.91 (0.79 – 1.05)	0.18
CPR within 24 hours of ICU admission		4.8%	5.0%	0.96 (0.84 – 1.10)	0.57
Medical patient (vs. surgical)		82%	82%	1.00 (0.92 – 1.08)	0.88
Medicaid or self-pay vs. other insurance §		15%	15%	1.00 (0.92 – 1.08)	0.92
Comorbidity
Chronic liver disease		3%	4%	0.73 (0.63 – 0.86)	0.0001
Active cancer within 5 years		14%	17%	0.81 (0.75 – 0.88)	<0.0001
Chronic cardiovascular disease		6%	7%	0.80 (0.71 – 0.90)	0.0002
Chronic renal disease		6%	6%	0.90 (0.80 – 1.02)	0.10
Chronic respiratory disease		10%	10%	1.04 (0.94 – 1.14)	0.45
Immunocompromise		13%	13%	0.99 (0.91 – 1.08)	0.80
Severity of illness variables
Neurologic dysfunction		7%	5%	1.32 (1.17 – 1.49)	<0.0001
Cardiovascular dysfunction		58%	54%	1.20 (1.13 – 1.27)	<0.0001
Respiratory dysfunction		43%	47%	0.83 (0.78 – 0.88)	<0.0001
Elevated serum lactate		10%	9%	1.15 (1.04 – 1.27)	0.0042
Acute renal failure		20%	18%	1.13 (1.05 – 1.22)	0.0012
Hepatic dysfunction		8%	9%	0.87 (0.79 – 0.97)	0.011
Hematologic dysfunction		16%	17%	0.89 (0.83 – 0.97)	0.0047
APACHE II score		21 (15–27)*	21 (15–27)*	--	0.49
SAPS II predicted mortality		35% (15 – 64%)*	33% (14 – 64%)*	--	0.19
Source of infection
Urinary infection		31%	19%	1.97 (1.84 – 2.10)	<0.0001
Intra-abdominal infection		12%	9%	1.33 (1.21 – 1.46)	<0.0001
Chest infection		37%	48%	0.63 (0.60 – 0.67)	<0.0001
Bloodstream infection		23%	24%	0.94 (0.88 – 1.00)	0.06
Unknown infection		3.8%	3.5%	1.10 (0.94 – 1.28)	0.23
Processes of care
Code Status limitations **		9%	7%	1.31 (1.18 – 1.47)	<0.0001
Invasive mechanical ventilation		63%	68%	0.81 (0.76 – 0.86)	<0.0001
HD catheter		12%	14%	0.85 (0.78 – 0.93)	0.0002
PRBC transfusion		42%	39%	1.15 (1.09 – 1.22)	<0.0001
DVT prophylaxis		75%	77%	0.90 (0.84 – 0.97)	0.0034
Intravenous nutrition		18%	19%	0.93 (0.86 – 1.00)	0.06
FFP transfusion		17%	18%	0.94 (0.87 – 1.01)	0.10
Stress ulcer prophylaxis		43%	44%	0.96 (0.90 – 1.01)	0.12
CCM coverage		71%	72%	0.96 (0.90 – 1.02)	0.20
Hospital Characteristics
Accredited residencies		69%	71%	0.89 (0.83 – 0.94)	0.0002
Accredited CCM fellowship		28%	30%	0.92 (0.85 – 0.96)	0.002
Academic hospital ††		21%	22%	0.92 (0.86 – 0.99)	0.02
Number of hospital beds (quartiles) ‡‡		--	--	0.97 (0.95 – 1.00)	0.02 §§
Urban hospital		60%	62%	0.94 (0.89 – 1.00)	0.05
Suburban hospital		26%	25%	1.06 (0.99 – 1.13)	0.10
Rural hospital		14%	13%	1.03 (0.95 – 1.12)	0.43
Medical school		21%	22%	0.94 (0.88 – 1.01)	0.10

^*Numbers in parentheses represent interquartile range;

^†206 missing values;

^‡46 missing values;

^§90 missing values;

^**191 missing values;

^††4 missing values;

^‡‡6 missing values;

^§§Mantel Haenszel odds ratio per quartile increase in hospital beds.

Abbreviations: OR= odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; APACHE = acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score; SAPS = simplified acute physiology score; FFP = fresh frozen plasma; HD = hemodialysis; PRBC = packed red blood cells; DVT = deep venous thrombosis; CCM = critical care medicine