Table III.

Associations Between Independent Variables and Hospital Mortality

		Bivariate analysis *		Multivariable analysis †
Covariate		OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Patient characteristics
Female gender		1.09 (1.02 – 1.16)	0.006	1.11 (1.04 – 1.19)	0.002
Age quintiles		1.27 (1.24 – 1.30)	< 0.001	1.20 (1.16 – 1.23)	< 0.001
Dependent functional status at admission		1.53 (1.43 – 1.62)	< 0.001	1.30 (1.18 – 1.43)	< 0.001
African-American race		0.95 (0.86 – 1.04)	0.24	0.89 (0.77 – 1.04)	0.137
Admitted from health care facility		1.38 (1.30 – 1.47)	< 0.001	1.49 (1.37 – 1.62)	< 0.001
Previous ICU admission this hospitalization		1.19 (1.03 – 1.37)	0.02	ns ‡	ns
CPR within 24 hours of ICU admission		3.22 (2.81 – 3.70)	< 0.001	1.81 (1.56 – 2.11)	< 0.001
Medical patient (vs. surgical)		1.23 (1.13 – 1.34)	< 0.001	1.55 (1.36 – 1.76)	< 0.001
Medicaid or self-pay vs. other insurance		0.71 (0.65 – 0.78)	< 0.001	ns	ns
Comorbidity
Chronic liver disease		1.84 (1.57 – 2.15)	< 0.001	1.90 (1.55 – 2.34)	< 0.001
Active cancer within 5 years		1.87 (1.72 – 2.02)	< 0.001	1.34 (1.20 – 1.50)	< 0.001
Chronic cardiovascular disease		1.63 (1.44 – 1.83)	< 0.001	1.19 (1.01 – 1.40)	0.037
Chronic renal disease		1.48 (1.31 – 1.68)	< 0.001	ns	ns
Chronic respiratory disease		1.16 (1.05 – 1.29)	0.002	1.15 (1.04 – 1.28)	0.009
Immunocompromise		1.86 (1.71 – 2.04)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.34 – 1.75)	< 0.001
Severity of illness variables
Neurologic dysfunction		1.47 (1.30 – 1.65)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.05 – 1.44)	0.01
Cardiovascular dysfunction		1.97 (1.85 – 2.10)	< 0.001	1.24 (1.11 – 1.40)	< 0.001
Respiratory dysfunction		1.26 (1.19 – 1.34)	< 0.001	ns	ns
Elevated serum lactate		2.64 (2.39 – 2.91)	< 0.001	1.14 (0.99 – 1.32)	0.067
Acute renal failure		2.67 (2.47 – 2.88)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.24 – 1.50)	< 0.001
Hepatic dysfunction		1.44 (1.29 – 1.60)	< 0.001	1.15 (0.97 – 1.35)	0.104
Hematologic dysfunction		1.60 (1.48 – 1.73)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.22 – 1.53)	< 0.001
APACHE II score (per 1 point increase in score)		1.11 (1.10 – 1.11)	< 0.001	ns	ns
SAPS II score (per 1 point increase in score)		1.06 (1.05 – 1.06)	< 0.001	1.04 (1.03 – 1.04)	< 0.001
Source of infection
Urinary infection		0.86 (0.80 – 0.93)	< 0.001	0.83 (0.76 – 0.92)	< 0.001
Intra-abdominal infection		1.41 (1.28 – 1.55)	< 0.001	ns	ns
Chest infection		0.94 (0.89 – 1.00)	0.06	1.08 (1.00 – 1.17)	0.06
Bloodstream infection		1.23 (1.15 – 1.32)	< 0.001	ns	ns
Unknown infection		1.67 (1.43 – 1.96)	< 0.001	1.21 (1.00 – 1.47)	0.05
Processes of care
Code status limitations		1.84 (1.65 – 2.06)	< 0.001	1.74 (1.51 – 2.01)	< 0.001
Invasive mechanical ventilation		2.37 (2.21 – 2.54)	< 0.001	2.19 (1.97 – 2.44)	< 0.001
HD catheter		1.69 (1.55 – 1.84)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.08 – 1.40)	0.002
PRBC transfusion		1.32 (1.24 – 1.41)	< 0.001	ns‡	ns
DVT prophylaxis		0.64 (0.60 – 0.69)	< 0.001	0.60 (0.54 – 0.67)	<0.001
Intravenous nutrition		1.24 (1.15 – 1.34)	< 0.001	ns	ns
FFP transfusion		2.23 (2.06 – 2.41)	< 0.001	1.57 (1.41 – 1.75)	< 0.001
Stress ulcer prophylaxis		0.54 (0.50 – 0.57)	< 0.001	0.60 (0.55 – 0.65)	<0.001
CCM coverage		1.28 (1.19 – 1.38)	< 0.001	1.16 (1.02 – 1.31)	0.019
Hospital Characteristics
Accredited residencies		1.02 (0.96 – 1.10)	0.447	ns	ns
Accredited CCM fellowship		1.23 (1.15 – 1.32)	< 0.001	1.20 (1.03 – 1.40)	0.022
Academic hospital		1.27 (1.18 – 1.36)	< 0.001	1.17 (1.01 – 1.36)	0.041
Number of hospital beds (quartiles)		1.04 (1.02 – 1.07)	0.002	1.05 (0.99 – 1.11)	0.115
Urban hospital		1.07 (1.00–1.14)	0.04	ns	ns
Suburban hospital		0.98 (0.91 – 1.05)	0.58	ns	ns
Rural hospital		0.90 (0.82 – 0.99)	0.025	0.89 (0.74 – 1.07)	0.231
Medical school		1.33 (1.23 – 1.43)	< 0.001	ns	ns

^*Chi-square test;

^†Results of parsimonious multiple logistic regression model as described in Methods.

^‡Covariates labeled “ns” (abbreviation for “not significant”) fell out of the logistic regression model during analysis (see Methods).