Table 1.
Overview of the different cargos found in TNT-like structures.
| Functions of TNTs | Cargo detection | Cell type | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| SPREADING OF SIGNALS | |||
| Calcium signaling | IP3R | SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, HEK cells | Smith et al. (2011) |
| Ca2+; Fura-2 | THP-1 monocytes and dendritic cells | Watkins and Salter (2005) | |
| Ca2+ | Raw264.7 macrophages, HeLa cells | Hase et al. (2009) | |
| Electrical coupling through gap junction at the TNT end | Normal rat kidney (NRK), HEK, HUVEC, NCC and rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells | Wang et al. (2010) | |
| Death signals | FasL, caspase-3 | Jurkat and primary T cells | Arkwright et al. (2010) |
| Cytotoxicity | NK cells | Chauveau et al. (2010) | |
| ORGANELLE EXCHANGE | |||
| Endosomes | Purified mouse anti-EEA1 antibodies | CMs and FBs co-culture system* | He et al. (2010) |
| DiD (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate) | NRK cells | Gurke et al. (2008) | |
| Qtracker® | Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC) | Domhan et al. (2011) | |
| DiD (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate) | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | Onfelt et al. (2006) | |
| Endosomes-related organelles (DiI and DiO) | PC12 cells | Rustom et al. (2004) | |
| Lysosomes | Lysotracker® | PC12 cells | Rustom et al. (2004) |
| Qtracker® | Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC) | Domhan et al. (2011) | |
| Lysotracker® | Mouse catecholaminergic neuronal cell line, Cath.a-Differentiated (CAD) | Gousset et al. (2009) | |
| Lysotracker® | EPC and HUVEC co-culture system (rescue from injuries)* | Yasuda et al. (2011) | |
| Mouse anti-LAMP1 antibodies | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | Onfelt et al. (2006) | |
| Mitochondria | Mitotracker® | EPC or CD34+ cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes co-culture system (Differentiation)* | Koyanagi et al. (2005) |
| Mitotracker® | MMSC and RTC* | Plotnikov et al. (2010) | |
| Mitotracker® | H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts and MMSC (rescue from injuries)* | He et al. (2011) | |
| TMRE | Jurkat and primary T cells | Arkwright et al. (2010) | |
| MitoTracker | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | Onfelt et al. (2006) | |
| Membrane components | CD81, CD59 | Jurkat and primary T cells | Arkwright et al. (2010) |
| c-HA-Ras | PC12 | Rustom et al. (2004) | |
| Surface receptors (HLA-A,B,C class I MHC) | Myeloid cells | Watkins and Salter (2005) | |
| DiO | MMSC and RTC* | Plotnikov et al. (2010) | |
| GPI-anchored GFP, TM-proteins (ICAM-I, HLA-Cw7) | Jurkat T cells, primary mouse T cells | Sowinski et al. (2008) | |
| GFP-PrP | CAD neuronal cells | Gousset et al. (2009) | |
| MHC-I | Immune cells | Onfelt et al. (2004) | |
| Golgi and Endoplasmic reticulum | Bodipy FL glibenclamide (ER-tracker) Bodipy FL C5-ceramide (Golgi-tracker) | Human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) | Kadiu and Gendelman (2011b) |
| Cytoplasmic components | Cytosolic GFP | CMs and FBs co-culture system* | He et al. (2010) |
| Calcein | MMSC and RTC | Plotnikov et al. (2010) | |
| Cytosolic GFP | EPC or CD34+ cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes co-culture system* | Koyanagi et al. (2005) | |
| Cytosolic stain CFSE | Jurkat and primary T cells | Arkwright et al. (2010) | |
| Lucifer yellow | Myeloid cells | Watkins and Salter (2005) | |
| Nanoparticles | Nanoparticles quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) | CMs and FBs co-culture system* | He et al. (2010) |
| PATHOGENS SPREADING | |||
| Bacteria | Mycobacterium bovis BCG | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | Onfelt et al. (2006) |
| Virus | Gag and Env (antibodies), GFP-Gag | Jurkat T cells, activated primary human or primary mouse T cells | Sowinski et al. (2008) |
| HIV particles, HIV-p24 | Primary human macrophages infected by HIV | Eugenin et al. (2009) | |
| Env and Gag proteins | Human monocyte-derived macrophages | Kadiu and Gendelman (2011a), Kadiu and Gendelman (2011b) | |
| Proteinaceous aggregates | PrPSc | CAD neuronal cells, GCN and DC co-culture system | Gousset et al. (2009) |
| A–b fusion proteins | Astrocytes and neurons | Wang et al. (2010) | |
The table summarizes all the cargo detected in TNT-like structures by classifying them according to their nature (signals, organelle, and pathogens) and the cell type in which they were found. *Exchange of cargos observed in co-culture of different cell type.
EPC, endothelial progenitors; HUVEC, stressed endothelial cells; MMSC, bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells; RTC, rat renal tubular cells; CM, rat ventricular cardiomyocytes; FB, cardiofibroblasts.