Fig. 3.

Artery buckling under luminal pressure. A porcine carotid artery under luminal pressure with both ends fixed to cannulas is shown. Photos (from top to bottom) were taken at a pressure of 0.3, 10.7, 18.9, and 30.7 kPa. The axial stretch ratio was 1.5, and the critical buckling pressure was 17.89 kPa. Line graph: the maximum deflection (at the middle point) plotted as functions of the luminal pressure at two axial stretch ratios (1.3 and 1.5). It is seen that the artery started to buckle at a critical pressure that depends on the axial stretch ratio, and the postbuckling deflection increased nonlinearly with luminal pressure.