Table 2. List of 29 markers.
| Biomarkers | Antigen | Primary antibody | Secondary antibody | Kit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oncofetal protein | ||||
| AFPa | Rules-based medicine (Austin, TX, USA) | |||
| CA 125a | Rules-based medicine | |||
| CA 19-9 a | Rules-based medicine | |||
| CEAa | Rules-based medicine | |||
| fPSAa | Rules-based medicine | |||
| PSAa | Rules-based medicine | |||
| Tumour suppressor protein | ||||
| DKK.3a | R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) | |||
| Cytokine/chemokine | ||||
| IL-6a | Millipore (St Charles, MO, USA) | |||
| RANTESa | Millipore | |||
| Immune/inflammation | ||||
| β 2Mb | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics (Marburg, Germany) | |||
| Factor/hormone | ||||
| EGFRa | R&D Systems | |||
| Acute phase protein | ||||
| A1ATb | Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) | Acris Antibodies (Hiddenhausen, Germany) | Biodesign International (Saco, ME, USA) | |
| A2Ma | EMD Chemicals Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA) | R&D Systems | Affinity Bioreagents, Inc. (Golden, CO, USA) | |
| CRPb | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | |||
| DDa | Abcam (Cambridge, UK) | Biodesign International | Biodesign International | |
| Hpc | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | |||
| TTRc | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | |||
| Coagulation/thrombosis | ||||
| Hgb | Sigma-Aldrich | Biodesign International | Bethyl (Montgomery, TX, USA) | |
| PAI-1a | EMD Chemicals Inc. | Abcam | US Biological (Swampscott, MA, USA) | |
| Metabolism | ||||
| ApoA1a | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics | |||
| ApoA2a | Millipore | |||
| ApoA4c | Bioinfra (Seoul, Korea) | Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) | AbFrontier (Seoul, Korea) | |
| ApoC2b | Millipore | |||
| ApoC3b | Millipore | |||
| proApoA1c | Bioinfra | Biodesign International | Biodesign International | |
| Adhesion | ||||
| sICAM-1a | Millipore | |||
| sVCAM-1a | Millipore | |||
| VNa | Biodesign International | Biodesign International | Chemicon (Temecula, CA, USA) | |
| Others | ||||
| VDBPb | Biodesign International | Abcam | Abcam | |
Abbreviations: AFP=α-fetoprotein; Apo=apolipoprotein; A1AT=α-1-antitrypin; A2M=α-2 macroglobulin; β 2M=β2-microglobulin; CA=cancer antigen; CEA=carcinoembryonic antigen; CRP=C-reactive protein; DD=D-dimer; DKK.3=Dickkopf 3; EGFR=epidermal growth factor receptor; fPSA=free prostate-specific antigen; Hg=haemoglobin; Hp=Haptoglobin α; IL=interleukin; PAI-1=plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; proApo=pro-apolipoprotein; PSA=prostate-specific antigen; RANTES=regulated upon activation, normally T-expressed and presumably secreted; sICAM=soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM=soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TTR=transthyretin; VDBP=vitamin D-binding protein; VN=vitronectin.
Twenty three markers were selected through literature search.
Seven markers were discovered through surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A1AT, β 2M, Hg, and VDBP were identified from the peaks, which were differently represented in especially gastric adenocarcinoma serum compared with control serum.
Four markers were discovered through two-dimensional polycarylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) using the serum of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.